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Every Y.flR.IVI.I fl. should have a set of Bound Contributor
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THE CONTRIBUTOR.
CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1896.
PAGB.
Salem V\ itchcraft. V. [Illustrated] B. F. Cummings, I . H51
lohn Stevens' Courtship. A Tale ot the Buchanan War. XII Homespun. 657
Reflections Essie Layhew. 666
College Department- 667
Electricity Directly lrom Coal Adiantum. 671
The Kimberly Gold Fields G. E. Carpenter. 674
Current Comment Nephi Anderson. 677
Marriage and Divorce Elijah Farr. 678
How Postage Stamps are Made 683
Choice of an Aim in Life 686
Editorial: The Ability to Write 690
The Mutual Improvement League 691
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VOX^XIME} XVII,
tributor.
iflTiiwi 1895^6..
We are plpased to nnnonnce the following as some of the leading features
Volume Seventeen of Tiik Contkibdtor. It is the determination to make
lis magazine occupy the front rank in our home literature, and we trust this
effort will had encouragement in the liberal patronage of the public,
PRESIDENT JOSEPH F. SMITH will instruct and interest our
readers with some articles descriptive of
Early Days in the Valley,
which will contain reminiscences of his valuable though ofttimes trying
experiences as a boy and man in Utah.
JVLy hirst flission,
will be the title of some articles from the pen of APOSTLE FRANCIS
M. LYMAN, wherein he will give an account of his interesting experience
of traveling "without purse or scrip," and many marvelous incidents con-
nected with his ministry abroad.
APOSTLE HEBER J. GRANT will narrate in a series of illustrated
articles the incidents of a
Visit to the Moquis,
made by himself and Apostle Briqham Young. These papers will por-
tray in a remarkable manner the care and power of God which accom-
panied these Elders. The customs of this Indian tribe will also receive
attention.
Salem Witchcraft,
A succinct historical account of this remarkable feature of New
England colonial history; theories and explanations of its phenomena,
offered by leading writers; treatment of the subject from the standpoint
of a Latter day Saint, by B. F. CUMMINGS, JR.
ELDER MARVIN E. PACK will prepare a series of illustrated and
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The Consistencies of Mormonism.
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THE CONTRIBUTOR
Vol. XVII.
SEPTEMBER, 1896.
No. 11.
SALEM WITCHCRAFT.
v.
The foregoing account embraces
the leading facts and incidents which
go to make up that chapter of Ameri-
can colonial history which, more
than any other, is replete with the
marvelous and horrible. We now
come to the consideration of, and
an attempt to account for, its phe-
nomena from the standpoint of a
Latter-day Saint.
At that junction in the history
and development of the human race,
when it was about to throw off its
spiritual condition and assume a
mortal one; when its Father had
prepared or was preparing this earth
as its dwelling place, and when a
plan was being perfected for its re-
demption from the state of sin and
degredation it was destined to live
in after "appearing upon the earth,
Lucifer submitted to the Gods in
council, a plan of salvation, which
was rejected.
Then came Jesus, who submitted
His plan for redeeming and saving
the race, which was accepted, and
He was appointed to come upon the
earth in the meridian of time, and
by His personal ministry, introduce
His scheme of salvation among the
children of men. He was also
chosen and appointed to make the
sacrifice on the cross, which should
put upon* His plan, its climax, and
make it eternally efficacious.
Then Lucifer, filled with jealous
rage and disappointed ambition, in
vited the spirits, to whom was being
presented the privilege of taking
mortal bodies upon the earth, to fol-
low him, and under his command to
make war upon such of their breth-
ren as chose to support Jesus. About
one-third of all the inhabitants of
that world of spirits accepted Luci-
fer's invitation, and war was de-
clared in heaven, a war of fierce and
wicked rebellion.
How long the strife had been
waged we are not definitely informed;
but at length, Lucifer and his rebel-
lious hosts were cast down out of
heaven, and became inhabitants of
this earth. The spirits who had
been true in their allegiance to Jesus
also came upon the earth in great
.numbers and successive generations,
being clothed with mortal bodies.
And thus this earth has been popu-
lated with two classes of intelli-
gences, who are the offspring of its
Creator; one class having bodies,
and the other class being deprived
of that privilege.
The war between these two classes
has continued ever since the rebel-
lion of Lucifer was inaugurated,
which was previous to the appear-
ance of Adam in the garden of Eden,
and it is still being waged with un-
abated rigor. The weapons used by
the combatants are not carnal,
though physical results and phenom-
ena often attend the strife.
The objects sought to be accom-
plished by the fallen angels, may
be thus stated: Lucifer and his
hosts, by means of temptations and
the exercise of a sinister influence
and an evil power, seek to induce
652
SALEM WITCHCRAFT.
the children of men to renounce all
faith in and allegiance to Jesus and
His teachings, and to repudiate and
trample upon His laws. This course
will place human beings who take it,
in the power of Lucifer, whose cap-
tives and servants they become. The
greater the number of his captives
and slaves, the greater his glory,
from his standpoint. The misery
into which those are plunged, who
become the captives of Lucifer, but
adds to his exultation; and thus he
prosecutes his warfare, his followers
sharing in and being impelled by his
sentiments.
On the other hand, the objects
sought to be accomplished by that
portion of the offspring of Deity,
who have received bodies, or which
they ought to strive for, are the
overcoming of Lucifer, by success-
fully resisting the temptations he
offers, and patiently enduring the
trials he inflicts. By taking this
course they will sanctify the bodies
that have been given them, and pre-
pare themselves for a glorious resur-
rection in a sphere which they will
have power over evil spirits, rather
than the latter over them.
Out of the issues involved in this
tremendous conflict, have grown all
the law and all the prophets, and all
the revelations, instructions and
warnings, that God has communi-
cated to man, in all ages of this our
world.
In some respects the spirits who
live upon the earth in tabernacles of
flesh have, or may have, an advan-
tage or ascendency over its rebel-
lious inhabitants who do not have
bodies. This advantage or ascend-
ancy grows out of obedience to the
laws of God, the possession of the
Holy Priesthood, and the exercise of
faith in the Messiah. But this ad-
vantage or ascendancy over evil spir-
its has been enjoyed by but com •
paratively few persons during the
world's history.
Judging by such means as we have
of forming an opinion, the weight of
advantage, so far as the warfare dur-
ing man's mortal life is concerned,
seems to be with his adversary.
Speaking of man in general, he can-
not see, nor even clearly compre-
hend, the foe that constantly assails
him. His enemy is concealed in an
ambush which he cannot penetrate,
and from which fiery darts are con-
stantly sent in showers. He is
wounded, afflicted and tormented,
but by whom, or how, or why, he
does not understand.
Nor does he know of any defense
that will be sufficient, nor of any
avenue of escape that will be effect-
ual. His environments compel him
to endure, with such faith and pa-
tience as he may, the lot that is
thrust upon him. This is the des-
tiny, from birth to death, of spirits
who take tabernacles upon the earth.
We have no information to the
effect that this warfare is retaliatory
upon the part of man, or that he has
power to make reprisals by returning
wound for wound, or inflicting suffer-
ing for suffering. He endures the
vengeance of his unseen foe, but can-
not, so far as we know, retaliate.
.True, he may, by faith in Christ and
the exercise of the power of the
priesthood, command and rebuke his
adversary, and thus baffle or escape
from him; but this can hardly be
considered retaliation.
Men in the flesh are enormously
outnumbered by their spiritual foes.
Speaking upon this subject, Presi-
dent Wilford Woodruff says, in his
autobiographical sketch entitled,
"Leaves from My Journal," page 83:
"I wish here to ask our young
friends, as welt as the older ones,
the question: Do you ever consider
or contemplate anything about the
number of evil spirits that occupy the
earth, who are at war against God
and against all good, and who seek
to destroy all the children of men in
every age of the world?
"Let us reason together a moment
upon this subject. It may be im-
possible lor any man, without direct
SALEM WITCHCRAFT.
653
revelation from God, to get to know
the exact number, but we may ap-
proximate towards it.
"The Lord has said by revelation
that Lucifer, an angel in authority,
rebelled against God, and drew away
one-third part of the hosts of heaven,
and he was cast down to the earth,
and the heavens wept over him.
"How many were cast out of
heaven down to the earth? We sup-
pose that the inhabitants of heaven
here referred to were the spirits be-
gotten of our Father in heaven who
were to come down to the earth and
take tabernacles. How many were
t!here to come down and take taber-
nacles? This, again, may be difficult
to tell, yet perhaps we may come
near enough for the purpose. It has
generally been conceded that there
are about 1,000,000,000 persons on
the earth at a time, though the late
statistics make out 1,400,000,000 at
the present time. But we will say
1,000,000,000. It is also said that
a generation passes off the earth
every thirty-three and one-third
years, making three generations in a
century, which would be 3,000,000,-
000 in one hundred years. Multiply
this by ten and it will make 30,000,-
000,000 in 1,000 years. Multiply
again by seven and it will make
210,000,000,000 in 7,000 years.
"The argument might be used
that when our earth was first peopled
there were but two persons on the
earth, and alter the flood but eight
souls were left alive, but the proba-
bility is that during the millennium
the inhabitants will increase very fast,
as the age of children will be as the
age of a tree, and the inhabitants of
the earth will not die off as they do
now.
"But we will suppose that there
were 100,000,000,000 of fallen spirits
sent down from heaven to earth, and
there are 1,000,000,000 of inhabit-
ants upon the face of the earth today,
that would make one hundred evil
spirits to every man, woman and
child living on the earth; and the
whole mission and labor of these
spirits is to lead all the children of
men to do evil and to effect their de-
struction.
"Now, I want all our boys and
girls to reflect upon this, and to see
what danger they are in, and the
warfare they have to pass through.
"These one hundred evil spirits to
each one ot the children of men seek
to lead them into every temptation
possible, to use tobacco, smoke,
drink whiskey, get drunk, curse,
swear, lie, steal, and commit adul-
tery and murder, and do every evil
to cut them off from exaltation as far
as possible.
"On the other hand, the Spirit of
God labors and strives to preserve
all the children of men from these
evils; and the Lord has given His
angels charge concerning us, and
they do all they can for our salva-
tion."
The foregoing presents, in un-
usually perspicuous form, the teach-
ings of revelation concerning the
great division that took place in
heaven, and the spiritual inhabitants
of this earth who make war upon
those who possess bodies. The Key
to Theology, chapter XII., speak-
ing upon the subject of ' 'angels and
spirits," says:
"Many spirits of the departed,
who are unhappy, linger in lonely
wretchedness about the earth, and in
the air, and especially about their
ancient homesteads, and the places
rendered dear to them by the mem-
ory of former scenes. The more
wicked of these are the kind spoken
of in Scripture as 'foul spirits,' 'un-
clean spirits,' spirits who afflict per-
sons in the flesh, and engender va-
rious diseases in the human system.
They will sometimes enter human
bodies, and will distract them, throw
them into fits, cast them into the
water, into the fire, etc. They will
trouble them with dreams, night-
mare, hysterics, fever, etc. They
will also deform them in body and in
features, by convulsions, cramps,
654
SALEM WITCHCRAF'l.
contortions, etc., and will sometimes
compel them to utter blasphemies,
horrible curses, and even words of
other languages. If permitted they
will often cause death. Some of
these spirits are adulterous, and sug-
gest to the mind all manner of las-
civiousness, all kinds of evil thoughts
and temptations.
"A person, on looking another in
the eye, who is possessed of an evil
spirit, will feel a shock — a nervous
feeling, which will, as it were, make
his hair stand on end; in short, a
shock resembling that produced in a
nervous system by the sight of a
serpent.
"Some of these foul spirits, when
possessing a person, will cause a dis-
agreeable smell about the person
thus possessed, which will be plainly
manifest to the senses of those about
him, even though the person thus
afflicted should be washed and change
his clothes every few minutes.
"There are, in fact, most awful
instances of the spirit of lust, and of
bawdy and abominable words and
actions, inspired and uttered by per-
sons possessed of such spirits, even
though the persons were virtuous
and modest so long as they possessed
their own agency.
"Some of these spirits cause deaf-
ness, others dumbness, etc.
' 'We can suggest no remedy for
these multiplied evils, to which poor
human nature is subject, except a
good life, while we are in possession
of our faculties, prayers and fastings
of guod and holy men, and the min-
istry of those who have power given
them to rebuke evil spirits, and cast
out devils, in the name of Jesus
Christ.
"Among the diversified spirits
abroad in the world there are many
religious spirits, which are not of
God, but which deceive those who
have not the keys of the Apostleship
and Priesthood, or, in other words,
the keys of the science of theology
to guide them. Some of these
spirits are manifested in the camp
meetings of certain sects, and in
nearly all the excitements and con-
fusions in religious meetings falsely
called 'revivals.' All the strange
ecstacies, swoonings, screamings,
shoutings, dancings, jumpings, and
a thousand other ridiculous and un-
seemly manifestations, which neither
edify nor instruct, are the fruits of
these deceptive spirits.
"We must, however, pity rather
than ridicule or dispise the subjects
or advrcates of these deceptions.
Many of them are honest, but they
have no apostles, nor other officers,
nor detect evil, or to keep them
from being led by every delusive
spirit.
"Real visions, or inspirations,
which would edify and instruct, they
are taught to deny. Should Peter
or Paul, or an angel from heaven
come among them, they would de-
nounce him as an imposter, with the
assertion that apostles and angels are
no longer needed.
"There is still another class of
unholy spirits at work in the world —
spirits diverse from all these, far
more intelligent, and, if possible,
still more dangerous. These are,
the spirit of divination, vision, fore-
telling, familiar spirits. 'Animal
Magnetism,' 'mesmerism,' etc.,
which reveal many and great truths
mixed with the greatest errors, and
also display much intelligence, but
have not the keys of the science of
theology — the Holy Priesthood.
' 'These spirits generally deny
the divinity of Christ, and the great
truths of the atonement and the res-
urrection of the body. From this
source are the revelations of Emman-
uel Swedenborg, which also deny
the resurrection. From tnis source,
also, are the revelations of Andrew
Jackson Davis, of Poughkeepsie,
New York, which deny the resurrec-
tion and the atonement. From this
source are all the revelations which
deny the ordinances of the Gospel,
and the keys and gifts of the holy
apostleship.
SALEM WITCHCRAFT.
655
"Last of all, these are they who
climb up in some other way besides
the door, into the sheepfold; and
who prophesy or work in their own
name, and not in the name of Jesus
Christ.
"No man can do a miracle in the
name and by the authority of Jesus
Christ, except he be a good man,
and authorized by him."
Numerous quotations and illustra-
tions might be selected irom the
Scriptures, ancient and modern, in
harmony with and tending to prove
the correctness of the teachings pre-
sented in "Leaves From My
Journal." and the "Key to Theol-
ogy." Without multiplying quota-
tions and authorities, the following
would seem, from the standpoint of
a Latter-day Saint, a sufficient ex-
planation of the phenomena compris-
ing the fearful epidemic which forms
the subject of this treatise:
Certain persons, all, or nearly all,
of whom were young, ignorant and
inexperienced, began to give atten-
tion to the marvelous and supernat-
ural. They held meetings, made
experiments and sought to obtain
manifestations from the unseen world.
Their efforts were wholly of an irre-
ligious character, and were not bent
in the direction of God, nor in search
of such light and truth as eminate
from Him. Rather these investiga-
tions invited the presence and in-
fluence of in opposite power.
By placing themselves in this at-
titude they subjected themselves to
the power ot evil spirits. The latter
secured control, to a great extent, of
the bodies and minds of the individ-
uals who had so foolishly, not to say
wickedly, sought to establish com-
munication with the denizens of dark-
ness. The girls who were the chief
witnesses in the witchcraft prosecu-
tions, were possessed by devils.
Their bodies were afflicted and tor-
mented, their imaginations were ex-
cited and distorted and their minds
were perverted and corrupted by the
demons that had acquired possession
of them. Devils worked and testi-
fied through them, and thus spread
death and terror throughout the
community.
When devils can find a person
dwelling in the flesh whom they can
make their agent or executive, they
can work far more effectively than
when they can secure no. such co-
operation. This is one reason for
their strong desire to acquire control
of some human being. They were
able to obtain control of several per-
sons in Salem village, and in persu-
ance of a plan and conspiracy ma-
tured in the infernal ragions, they
wrought out the appalling witchcraft
tragedy.
The orgie of the demons contin-
ued until a merciful God broke the
spell that bound the people, and by
the light and power of His Spirit
brought them to a realization of the
awful condition into which they had
fallen. With light came repentance,
and with repentance a desire to make
such atonement and restitution as
were possible.
The occasion was one in which the
unseen enemies of men in mortality
had an opportunity to wreak, in a
new and and astonnding manner,
their hatred and vengeance upon
those who had refused to join in
Lucifer's rebellion. At least the
phenomena were new to that com-
munity. Conditions had been creat-
ed among the people that gave them
this opportnnity. The people were
superstitious, rather than influenced
by an enlightened, religious faith, a
phase of the situation which was ex-
ceedingly favorable for the* opera-
tions of evil agencies. A bitter
feud had long divided the communi-
ty, engendering much evil passions.
A spirit of inquiry into the works
and powers of darkness had broken
out, and carried away the girls who
held meetings and tried experiments
under its influence, and they had
fallen under the control of the pow-
ers of darkness.
On a large scale, carried to great
656
SALEM WITCHCRAFT.
extremes, the Salem witchcraft epi-
demic was a development very simi-
lar to what the Elders of the Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
have often encountered when travel-
ing as missionaries. Sometimes a
branch of the Church becomes the
object of attack by evil powers.
Strife and contention arise. The
minds of members become darkened
or otherwise unfavorably affected.
Envy and jealousy are displayed.
Some of their number commit sin.
When such conditions exist, cases of
possession by evil spirits may occur,
or the evil power may manifest itself
by afflicting individuals with sudden
or alarming sickness.
Often the innocent suffer with the
guilty, until a spirit of repentance
comes over the branch, and its mem-
bers begin to exercise faith in God,
and by the power of faith obtain re-
lief. In this connection the experi-
ence of Zion's camp will be re-
called, and many Elders will remem-
ber illustrations of the principles
here suggested, that have occurred
on a more or less extensive scale,
in the course of their labors.
The present writer is disposed to
scout the idea that there were, in
Salem Village, any real witches, by
which term is here meant persons,
male and female, who, by means of
a compact with Satan, had acquired
power to afflict other persons. But
there is not a vestige of doubt in his
mind that evil spirits obtained con-
trol of the bodies aud minds of cer-
tain persons there, for the purposes
and with the results that have been
described.
What was said by the witnesses
about such compacts having been
made, and about Satan and his red
book, etc., was uttered under the
inspiration of the evil, lying and ma-
licious spirits that seemed to rule the
hour, and revel in its sufferings and
horrors; which features they sought
to augment by frightful and fantastic
fictions.
Even after the people had recov-
ered a normal condition of mincb
they were unable to explain or ac-
count for what had occurred. This
was because their theology was im-
perfect, erroneous and incomplete,
and they did not have among them
the Priesthood, with its light, power
and discernment.
Whether or not persons possess-
ing the powers attributed by the
early New Englanders to witches,
exist, or have ever existed on this
earth, is a phase of this subject not
necessary to be here discussed. It
is apparent, that in the days of Mo-
ses, and later ages of the world,
great power was exercised by per-
sons who did not worship the true
God, and were the enemies of those
who did.
This power was evidently from an
evil source, and was able to work
miracles and perform wonders. What
it may have been capable of in the
field of so-called witchcraft, is not
clearly indicated in the Scriptures,
ancient or modern, and in the ab-
sence of revelation or authoritative
instruction upon such a subject,
definite assertions may as well be
omitted.
The Saints have been warned that
the power opposed to them would
resort to various means to afflict and
deceive them. It will even be able
to call down fire from heaven. An
acquaintance with the principles of
righteousness and a devotion there-
to, are the only means of safety.
B. F. Gumming s, Jr.
THE END.
Suffering for others strengthens our
own powers of endurance; we lose
them if we do not exercise them.
The whole moral standard is low-
ered when it is admitted that any-
thing whatever can possibly be a
substitute for simple goodness.
Three things that ruin many — to
know little and talk much, to have
little and spend much, and to be
worth little and presume much.
JOHN STEVENS' COURTSHIP.
A TALE OF THE BUCHANAN WAR.
XII.
Diantha turned without another
word to John, and flying upstairs,
she was down in a moment, with her
shawl thrown around her shoulders
and head.
"Come," she said breathlessly.
"Where are you going?"
"Over to Aunt Clara, to ask her
what to do. Brother Tyler is away
from home, and Aunt Clara will
know better than anyone else what
to do."
They sped along in the cool,
spring evening, not exchanging one
word, for both hearts were heavy
with the weight of remorse. Each
knew that the word of inspiration
had warned each that Ellen was on
dangerous ground, and each knew
that that word had not been heeded
to the extent that it should.
"Oh, for one moment to undo the
past, ' ' was the pitiful tale which each
heart was telling its silent listener,
the soul.
Aunt Clara's face whitened with a
pallor like unto their own when the
whole story had been told; but in
spite of the sure feeling of catas-
trophe which assailed all three, Aunt
Clara was too full of hope to allow
even her own fears to master her.
"Now, don't go to imagining that
Ellen has runaway, because we can't
just now get trace of her. Every-
thing will turn out all right. You
haven't half looked for her. She
may have gone down with the Har-
pers instead of the Alfords. Or, she
may have gone out to the farm, for
you remember she did not see me
or her mother the very last minute.
She bade us good-bye before we
went to meeting, for she said she
would not wait till we got home, we
always stay so long talking, and she
wanted to get off. Now, the thing
to do tonight is to find out if she is
at the farm. You see, if the Alfords
have not gone, she may have found
a chance to go down to the farm
over night, thinking she could go on
with them in the morning."
There was a very faint glimmering
of hope in this suggestion, and with-
out saying anything to Ellen's
mother, who was a delicate woman
and very exciteable, it was arranged
that John should get permission from
the President for a three days' ab-
sence from his duties as night guards-
man, and then he should come for
both Aunt Clara and Dian in his own
light spring wagon with a cover, for
Dian would not listen to the others
going without her. She felt so un-
happy that she could scarcely bear
her own sorrow, and she would have
followed them on foot, so great was
her anxiety to know the whole truth
about her beloved friend.
She sat with her Aunt Clara telling
her, now that it was too late, all the
things that she knew and suspected
of Ellen; of the night of the Christ-
mas ball and of her subsequent de-
termination to give John up entirely
for Ellen; and of how Ellen had
avoided her all winter, and how she
had not broken through it, for she
had thought it was due to a little un-
necessary touch of jealously on
Ellen's part on account of John.
And of how skillfully Ellen had par-
ried all her questions and all attempts
to draw her out.
All this the girl told with stream-
ing eyes, and broken, sobbing
breaths. Her self-reproach and
agony was terrible, and Aunt Clara
wisely allowed the first flood of her
grief to spend itself before she inter-
rupted or tried to calm the excited
girl.
At last, however, the elder woman
saw a chance to relieve in a measure
the unnecessary remorse, and she
asked gently:
"Has Ellen ever told you that she
was in love with this soldier you
speak of?' '
658
JOHN STEVENS' COURTSHIP.
"No, no indeed. The very last
time I spoke privately to her, she
said almost in so many words that
she would give anything in this world
if John Stevens would fall in love
with her. But that was way last
winter, and without saying one word,
I gave him up from that moment,
and I have treated him as coldly as
I possibly could."
"I think, Diantha, you are taking
a great deal more of this on yourself
than you have any need of ; for ac-
cording to your own words, you have
not helped Ellen to do wrong, and
if you did once fall into temptation
with this wicked soldier, it was but
for the once, and innocence does not
consist in never sinning, or knowing
what temptation is, but it is to resist
that which on reflection we know to
be wrong. Ellen understands this
quite as well as you, for God knows
I have spent many an hour in trying
to persuade her to avoid temptation
of various kinds. Ellen is a lovely
girl, but she is vain, and conse-
quently weak. She lacks the self-
respect which helps us to keep our
own good opinion of ourselves. She
loved admiration and pleasure so
well, always, even as a child, that
she would sacrifice anything else on
earth for it."
"But oh, to think of Ellen gone
away, and to such a horrible doom.
It is too awful," and again the girl
broke into a sobbing fit. It was her
first real grief, her first experience of
life and its deepest trials.
At that moment John drove up,
and the three rode away in the late
evening darkness, to visit the Tyler
farm, on the outskirts of the city,
and find out if Ellen had been there.
Aunt Clara's surmise was correct;
Ellen had ridden down there, so the
old gentleman said who tended the
Tyler farm, which lay four miles
southeast of the city.
Ellen came there alone, he said,
and asked for a drink of milk. She
also took some bread and butter, for
she said she expected to be taken up
by either the Alfords or the Har-
pers, and she was going to spend
two weeks in Provo, visiting her
many friends in that place.
"How did Ellen get here?" in-
quired John.
"She said she came down as far
as the Chase mill with Bishop Sheets,
and she walked from there here.
She stayed with me here about an
hour, and then seeing a dust out-
side coming down the main road,
she walked over there, carrying her
bundle of clothes, and waited for the
teams. I was busy getting up the
cows and feeding the stock, and did
not think any more about it for
about an hour, and when I looked
out to the main road for her, she was
gone. I went right out, and hap-
pened to meet a team going south,
and I asked the driver if the Alfords
or the Harpers had gone on that
way a little while before, and he said
he thought the Harpers were just
ahead of him, as they drove out of
the city about half an hour before he
did. So of course she has gone
down to Provo, and you folks can
go home, if you like. If you want
to stay over night, I will rig up some
straw ticks, and make you as com-
fortable as I can."
Not even Aunt Clara felt satisfied
to go back to the city without learn-
ing something definite and sure
about their missing girl; and so it
was decided to wait over night at the
farm house, and to start early in the
morning for Provo, and bring back
their loved wanderer with them on
their return next day.
What conflicting emotions swayed
that little party of three as they rode
rapidly along the next day towards
Provo.
"John," said Diantha, for she had
chosen to sit by him on the front
seat, both to accommodate Aunt
Clara, who was stout, and to com-
fort her own miserable heart, by
resting on his great, fortress-like
personality. She was too weak just
now to stand alone, as she had done
JOHN S TE YENS' CO UR TSHIP.
659
all her life. She was discovering
that she was a true woman, and she
needed someone to lean on in her
hour of woe.
"John," she said, "do you re-
member when we came home last
year from Provo, how we met those
soldiers, almost here it was," and
then that brought up the thought all
were trying to put away, and Aunt
Clara interrupted:
"I wonder where the folks stayed
all night! They couldn't drive clear
through to Provo after meeting was
out yesterday afternoon. We didn't
think to inquire at the point of the
mountain, if they stayed there over
night."
"I will ask at the Bishop's as we
pass through Lehi, if he has seen
the Harpers on the road today,"
answered John.
Accordingly, they drove up to
the Bishop's, in Lehi, and he told
them he had seen the Harpers driv-
ing along early that morning, but
they did not stop over in the settle-
ment.
"Did you notice if they had two
or three girls with them? They have
a grown daughter of their own, and
Ellen Tyler came down with them.
I was wondering if she sat on the
front seat."
This was said as indifferently as it
was possible, for John did not want
to arouse unnecessary suspicion or
cause unnecessary talk.
"Well, I can't say that I noticed.
They had the wagon cover tied up
at the sides, and there were women
or girls inside, for I heard them
laughing and singing as they passed
by our fence."
This was cheering, and John con-
sented, although somewhat reluctant-
ly, to accept the Bishop's kindly invi-
tation to stop and have some dinner,
for he realized the women ought to
eat, even if it were impossible for
him to do so.
It took some time for the worthy
Bishop's wife to cook dinner, and
she was very anxious to get the best
she had, for John Stevens was an old
friend, and he had done them many
a good turn.
Good as the dinner was, no one
but Aunt Clara seemed able to eat
anything, although even John drank
some of the rich, cold milk which the
Bishop's wife brought up from the
springhouse.
It was past three o'clock when
they left Lehi, and there were
twenty miles to drive to Provo.
But John's team was a fine one, and
at seven o'clock in the evening, just
at the early spring dusk, as they
neared the edge of the bench, over-
looking Provo, they all strained with
hungry, eager eyes, at the little
town stretched along the river bot-
toms, and each hoped and tried to
believe that that the object of their
search was sheltered beneath one of
those low, friendly roofs.
Diantha told herself that when she
got hold of Ellen she would squeeze
her and pet her until she would
never need the love of another per-
son. She would never leave her
side again, for she would either for-
sake her own home to live with El-
len, or she would coax Ellen's sick
mother to let her have Ellen to live
with her. And oh, what would she
not do to make Ellen happy? She
remembered that Ellen did not like
to make beds, nor wash dishes.
Well, she would never have to
again, for she would take all that
work off Ellen's slender hands.
She did not mind it, and Ellen
should never have to do anything
she disliked again.
On the other hand, the more ex-
perienced head of Aunt Clara was
cogitating about the possible future,
when they found and brought the
dear wanderer home, and she de-
cided that Ellen must take up and
faithfully perform some of the dis-
agreeable things which all her life
she had slighted and slipped over.
She felt that perhaps she, herseh,
had favored Ellen too much, in that
she had allowed her to please her-
66o
/OHM STEVENS' CO CRTS HI P.
self always, and that loo, often at
the expense of others' comfort and
others' rights. She saw now that
what Ellen needed, was not less af-
fection, but more discipline. To
learn that happiness does not consist
in gratification of one's own wishes
and desires, but in the cheerful sac-
rifice of self to the good and comfort
of others.
Aunt Clara had become so accus-
tomed to sacrificing herself for those
around her, that she began to fear
she had not helped those she loved
to understand the real joy which lay
in such a course. She resolved again
and again that she would take up
another line of action with her loved
child, who was as dear as if she had
been her own offspring
John's thoughts were too deep to
be discernable on his composed, yet
pale face, and he said nothing, un-
less questioned by the others, but
guided his team with a firm and yet
gentle hand.
The low door of the Harpers'
home opened at John's knock, and
the girl Jenny, horself, opened it.
"Ellie Tyler? Oh no, we haven't
seen her. She said Saturday in
meeting that she might come down
with us, or she would come with the
Alfords and she has promised to
spend one week with me. I guess
she is on the road with the Alfords."
John knew better than that, but
he would not set tongues to wagging,
and so he said again, in his quiet,
yet now wily way.
"Did you see that officer from
Camp Floyd as you drove out of the
city last night? I understand he has
been attending our meetings. I
wonder if any of those soldiers are
really interested in our church?' '
The girl caught eagerly at the
bait he had so skillfully flung.
"Oh yes, I saw him. He had a
spanking team, and he passed us
just before we got to Chase's mill.
He was alone, though, and if he was
at meeting yesterday I didn't see
him. But I believe he was there
Saturday with some more soldiers."
John had caught the door post as
she spoke, and he leaned against his
arm, as he said slowly, and huskily,
still determined to avoid all unnec-
essary talk:
"We are going to find Ellen, as
there is to be a theatre in the Social
Hall at the end of the week, and she
is needed to take a small part. We
will find her all right, thank you."
John got out to the carriage, and
in a husky voice he repeated what
had been told him, and as neither of
the women seemed capable of
speech, he said at last:
"I am going up to Bishop Mil-
ler's and get a fresh team and drive
out to Camp Floyd tonight. You
can both stay at the Bishop's all
night, and I will arrange to have
you driven home tomorrow."
"I shall not stay all night in
Provo," said Diantha harshly, "I
will walk if you will not take me,
but I am going to Camp Floyd my-
self this night."
"Get in, John," said Aunt Clara's
quiet voice, "and drive on to the
Bishop's and get your team. We
will sit out in the carriage, and you
needn't say to anyone that we are
with you, for I am as anxious as
yourself to keep people from talking.
We are both going with you."
John was already driving heed-
lessly down the street for he had
neither time nor words to waste.
Not a word was spoken for miles
by the three who rode so rapidly
along the dusty, rough new road
which stretched ghostlike along the
barren valley between the tiny settle-
ments in Utah Valley, and the dis-
tant encampment on the other side
of the northwestern hills.
As they flew along in the tender,
young moonlight, the swift light
summer clouds anon parted and then
banked up again, thus alternately re-
vealing and concealing the scene
about them ; at each side of the road
the great bristling sagebrush which
JOHN STEVENS' COURTSHIP.
66 1
covered the plain rose up like a high
dusty hedge. Here and there a
startled rabbit flew over the road,
and disappeared in the brush, jump-
ing with huge leaps over the lower
sagebushes, and losing himself in the
faint moonlight and the distance.
The lake lay before them, and often
behind them, like a dark, purple
shadow, its quiet ripples untouched
by breeze, and unbroken by even a
bird. The dark mountains shut
them in, and as they neared the
western rim, it seemed as if a wall of
impenetrable gloom shut off further
progress. But a narrow defile led
through the low hills, and on they
sped.
In the distance, the prairie dogs
sat up on their tiny homes of clay
and howled at the glancing moon-
beams. Near by, a wolf squealed
in shrill hunger, or answered his
mate's warning cry from the distant
foothills. The cool air grew chill
around them, and Aunt Clara drew
her own shawl around her, and threw
upon Dian's unconscious shoulders
the extra shawl she herself had re-
membered to add to their hasty
preparations.
As they neared the dusky group
of tents and outer village of Camp
Floyd, even John was startled as a
voice sung out suddenly:
"Who goes there?"
And John saw the gleam of a
musket barrel as the sentinel stepped
from behind the cedar tree.
"A friend," John answered, "Har-
ney's the word," and John thanked
his happy fate that he had hit upon
the right password, for he knew they
had changed it once at least.
The sentinel lowered the musket,
and as he approached the carriage
Diantha shrunk with a nameless ter-
ror of the night and its unknown
perils close to John's side. Without
a word, John put out his arm, and
drawing her to him, as if to shield
her from even the gaze of wicked
men, he held her close as he parleyed
with the soldier.
"I have important business to
present to your commander. I bear
with me the letter and orders of
President Brigham Young, endorsed
by Governor Cummings. I must
see Colonel Johnston at once."
Diantha knew then that John had
prepared himself for this before he
left the city, and she bowed her head
in shame at all that it implied for her
darling Ellen.
"I will leave you Aunt Clara and
Diantha," he said as he rode on, "at
the house of one of our people just
at the edge of the village, while I go
and learn what I can from the com-
mander. You will be perfectly safe,
for Brother Hicks has his wife with
him, and three grown boys. Wait
here till I come for you. ' '
John lifted Aunt Clara out, and
gave the brother who came to the
carriage directions to have her get
something to eat, for she was nearly
worn out with her long and rough
ride. Then he turned to the car-
riage, and taking Dian in his great
strong arms, he lifted her to the
ground, and without a word, he led
her into the house, and shut the door
between them.
He left the carriage at the house,
and proceeded on foot to the sleep-
ing encampment. It was nearly
midnight, and everything was dark
and silent around the white-tented
grounds.
But Colonel Johnston arose at
once in answer to the call, and with a
slightly disgusted face listened to the
story told by John.
"You will find Captain Sherwood
in his own quarters, and you are at
liberty to put whatever question you
choose to him. He hasn't runaway
with any girl, for he has received
strict orders on that subject from my
own lips. My officers are gentle-
men, and the soldiers are as decent
and orderly as common men are in
any walk in life. I can't see on
what grounds Governor Cummings
interferes with my discipline in this
way.''
662
JOHN STEVENS' COURTSHIP.
The colonel was intensely annoyed
over the whole matter, and evidently
a girl more or less was nothing to
him. His rest and his discipline were
of more consequence than all the wo-
men in the country.
But he could not ignore the re-
quest of the territorial executive, and
so John was allowed to depart with
permission to go where he pleased
in the camp, and to secure and take
away all the girls or women whom
he could find or chose to befriend.
John found his way down to the
officers' tents, and as he approached
them, he saw the light of a cigar in
the front of one of them, and he gave
the password, and asked:
"May I inquire if I am near the
tent of Captain Sherwood? I have
business of importance with him."
"My name is Saxey, " came the
answer out of the darkness, and as
the cigar was thrown away, the cap-
tain threw up the tent door and said:
"Come in, sir, whoever you are."
"My name is Stevens, and I am
from Salt Lake City. I have reason
to believe that Captain Sherwood has
abducted a young girl from our midst,
one Ellen Tyler, and as her father is
away from home, I have been auth-
orized by the governor and have re-
ceived permission from your com-
mander to do what I can to recover
the young lady. Where can I find
Captain Sherwood?"
John felt willing that any of them
should know the object of his errand,
for he keenly suspected they must all
be aware of it anyway.
Saxey stood toying with a small
dagger on his low stand, and his kind
face expressed something of the
anxiety this disclosure had upon him.
It was with a different tone of voice
to that used by Colonel Johnston
that he replied:
"I have not seen any strange girl
around the camp lately, and I am
free to confess to you that Sherwood
was not here all day yesterday. We
only review twice a week, and so the
commander did not know of his ab-
sence, an absence without leave, I
must also confess. But I do not
think there has anything serious
happened, my dear Mr. Stevens.
On the contrary, I hope you will
find all your suspicions are in vain.
Captain Sherwood is a gentleman."
He winced a little as the familiar
form of defense of one's friend slipped
from his lips. I have every reason
to believe that if you should find that
the young lady you speak of has run
away with the captain, he will marry
her at once, even if he has not al-
ready done so."
John Stevens said nothing, but
slowly stroked his beard, as he stood
impatiently waiting to hunt the gal-
lant captain up, The soldier noted
the fiery gleam and glitter in the
scintillating grey eyes, and he felt
that Sherwood would need all his
skill to meet such a foe under any
circumstances.
He said no more, however, but
silently led the way from his own
tent to the door of Captain Sher-
wood's.
A determined call brought out a
sleepy orderly, who told Captain
Saxey that Sherwood had been away
since yesterday morning, and he did
not know anything about him.
Saxey feared this would be the re-
sult, but he stood uncertain for a
moment. Then turning to Stevens,
he said:
"Come!" and they glided out in-
to the night, leaving the drowsy
orderly to return to his broken
slumbers.
They passed rapidly out of the
outer gate, after giving the night
password, and once beyond the
chance of being overheard from
soldiers within the camp and strag-
glers within the village, Saxey
paused in the high sagebrush around
them, and drawing near the tall,
shadowy form of his companion, he
said distinctly, but softly:
"I believe you are a good man; I
have seen a little of this matter and I
did what little I could to avert this
JOHN S TE VENS ' CO UR TSHIP.
663
disaster. I cannot tell you all I
know, it would be dishonorable.
And I want you to promise me one
thing, and that is, that no matter
what has happened, you will not
commit a greater crime to avenge
yourself of a wrong. Murder will
not wipe out sin. And there is hate
enough in this Territory as it is."
"I am not a common butcher,"
said John, gloomily.
"I have nothing further to say.
But there is a small log cabin not far
from here, where Sherwood some-
times stays at night. ' ' He started
as if to go back to his quarters, and
then he turned back, and paused as
if to speak.
John waited, but no word came
from the trembling lips of the agi-
tated soldier.
John hurried away, too anxious to
wait longer, and the Captain again
slowly bent his steps in the dim, mid-
night darkness, to the sleeping vil-
lage of white tents, and as he passed
the outer guard, he murmured:
"Have I done right, or have I
done a cowardly thing?"
The guard touched his cap, and
said:
"I did not understand you sir."
"No matter" answered Saxey,
as he passed on more rapidly to his
tent.
"The girl may yet be saved, or
he may be made to marry her," he
muttered as he threw up his own tent
door.
John sped away between the high
sagebrush and willows which skirted
the stream running along south from
the camp. He found himself on the
bank at one place and saw that the
ditch ran far below in a small gully.
He could hear nothing, nor could
he see any signs of human habitation.
He turned his steps in another direc-
tion and hurried onward in his zig-
zag course, straining his eyes in the
fading moonlight for sight ot a habi-
tation.
All at once he heard a distant or
a smotheied cry. He stopped at
once, and as he could hear nothing
further, he fancied he must have
been mistaken, or that it was the
screetch of some far-away mountain
lion.
He turned again in his tracks,
and by some instinct ran back to the
hidden stream which touched along
down in the deep gully.
That scream again, and he was
sure it was a woman's voice, and he
flew now in the direction in which it
had come.
The moon was down now and he
could see nothing but shadows and
gloom, accustomed as he was to
piercing these mountain nights with
his keen, far-sighted eyes.
Again and again that scream, and
this time, he saw not many rods dis-
tant from him, a door flung open,
for it threw a stream of light across
the brush between him and the
cabin.
He ran on jumping occasionally
over brush and panting hard as his
bounds drew him nearer the source
of those piercing screams.
A man's curses, mingled with
screams, and then a hideous laugh
in a harsh voice that was still a
woman's, and John could just see a
flying figure bound out from the
door and it disappeared down in tne
gulley's shadow.
"You she devil," yelled a man as
he flung after the figure flying away
in the midnight.
John hesitated a moment whether
to follow the two who had ran away,
or to make straight for the cabin;
but he chose the latter, and with
hasty bounds he was soon at the
door with his eyes fixed upon the
figure stretched upon the floor.
A moment, and he was beside her,
his dear Ellen, trying to stanch the
wound in her gaping neck, and call-
ing softly under his breath for her to
open her eyes.
He did not hear the heavy steps
behind him, but he turned as a pair
of black, blazing eyes of Louisiana
Liz peeped in the door behind him,
664
JOHN STE YENS' COO J? TSHIP.
and he heard the woman howl with
wicked laughter.
"You sought your flown bird too
late, for the huntsman found her
heart, and the keen arrow of hate
found her white throat almost as
soon. Ha, ha, ha!"
John's blood curdled in his veins,
and he held the dying girl closer to
him as he bent his head over her.
Ellie opened her eyes as she heard
John's voice, and whispered pain-
fully, "Tell mother and father to for-
give me, I am so sorry. I am — so
— sorry . ' '
John never knew how he allowed
that sweet life to flicker out, for he
felt as if he could arise and grapple
with death himself and conquer the
the grim destroyer of all this beauty
and youth.
"Well, my red-haired friend,"
gasped a hoarse voice behind him,
"You seem to have served your
sweetheart a pretty ghastly trick."
John laid the body of his dead
dear upon the earthen floor of the
hut, and with a spring he was upon
his adversary.
But the soldier was too quick for
him, and the blow was dodged.
John ran this way and that, but
the darkness and the unfamiliarity
of the place, rendered it impossible
lor him to find the villain who had
thus dared to imply that he himself
had been guilty of this awful deed.
In a moment, John knew how im-
possible it would be for him to prove
anything, for the soldiers would all
be leagued together to deiend each
other in their villainy, and from the
few words of so good a friend as
Saxey, he knew that it would only
provoke hostilities and perhaps
plunge his whole Territory into war
and rob the leaders of their lives, if
he added another crime to the one
already committed.
His hands twitched, and his throat
ached as he entered that dreadful
hut, for he felt that he would be jus-
tified in the eyes of God and man in
taking the life of such a vile repro-
bate as was this soldier. Yet, his
first duty was to take the body of
this unhappy girl home to her be-
reaved parents, and then he might
well leave the question of revenge to
God and the future.
No one saw or molested him as he
made his hasty preparation to carry
the body away, and he slowly and
painfully made his way to the strag-
gling village north of where he stood.
He stepped softly as he neared the
village, for he had no mind to wake
the inmates of the huts around him.
He had wrapped the body up in a
quilt, and now he laid it carefully
down just outside the window of the
dwelling from whence shown the
light that proved to him that the
folks were up awaiting him.
He stood a moment, waiting- to
pull himself together a little before
he met anyone, and then he knocked
softly.
Aunt Clara came to the door, and
she asked as soon as she saw who it
was:
"Have you found her?"
John bowed his head; he could
not speak.
"Is she dead or disgraced?" Aunt
Clara never knew why it was she
asked such a question, but it broke
down the calm of the man before her,
and he leaned upon his arm against
the doorpost, unable to control his
voice. His body was shaken with a
man's rare and awful sobs, and they
shook him as with a heavy wind.
Aunt Clara stood gazing at him
with glazed eyes of anguish, and she
could not speak herself as Diantha
followed her and asked :
"What is it, John; what have you
found? Can't you speak? Where
is Ellen? Why don't you tell us?
Why don't you bring her here?"
"Dead or disgraced?" quivered
Aunt Clara's lips, as she looked im-
ploringly up into John's averted
eyes.
John straightened himself up, and
answered with a shiver:
"Both."
JOHN STEVENS' COURTSHIP.
665
"Where is she, John?" asked
Dian in a low voice. She could not
cry; she could scarcely speak. Such
sorrow seemed to dry up her very
soul.
John waited a moment to collect
himself and then motioned for them
to step aside, and he brought and
laid his ghastly burden on the low
trundle bed.
Aunt Clara broke into a low, piti-
ful sobbing cry as he unfolded the
cloth quilt from the awful spectacle,
but she moved hastily, making
everything as decent and clean as
was possible.
Diantha could not cry or sob.
She shrank from the awful thing,
and drew away into a corner of the
room, moaning under her breath
like an animal which has received a
mortal wound.
John had been too dazed to think
before, but now a weary sense that
he had not done the best thing in
thus forcing this shock too soon on
these poor women added another
pang to what he was already suffer-
ing. He saw that they were undone
with much riding, long hours of
wakeful anxiety, and the whole trag-
edy should have been kept from
their tender sight for a time at least.
It was done now, and he needed
their help and all his own powers of
self-control to prepare him for the
task before him.
The woman of the house, who had
lived among rough elements and
who had no such love and anguish
as was rending Aunt Clara and Di-
antha, offered to wash and prepare
the body for removal in the morning.
It was not long, and a clean white
cloth covered the sweet, sinful, but
cleansed face, and they tried to per-
suade Aunt Clara to go into the
other room and lie down on the rude
bed on the floor for a few hours.
Diantha said she would sit up, if
some one would sit up with her, but
both Brother and Sister Hicks in-
sisted that she should lie down if she
could not sleep.
11 6
Diantha felt as if she would suffo-
cate if she laid down, and Sister
Hicks advised her to step out doors
a few moments to cool her temples
and quiet her nerves.
Aunt Clara motioned to John to
take Dian out, and John took the
unresisting arm of the girl and they
both stepped out on the rude porch
of the hut.
She drew back when John would
have led her out of the gate, and
sinking down upon the step as if ut-
terly overcome, she threw up her
hands and clasped them over her
head.
John sat down beside her, and
putting his strong arm around her,
he drew her to his side and she threw
herself in his arms with uncontrollable
sobs and moans.
This was as John would have it,
for he knew she needed to get relief
from her overcharged feelings, and
he stroked her hair gently as she
leaned over his arm, and added his
own hot tears to her passionate
weeping.
(To be continued.)
It is right to be contented with
what we have, but never with what
we are.
Without content we shall find it
almost as difficult to please others as
ourselves.
He is a wise man who does not
grieve for the things which he has
not, but rejoices for those which he
has.
If wrinkles must be written on our
brows, let them not be written upon
our hearts. The spirit should never
grow old.
The world looks dark. Shall men,
therefore, be dark, too? Is it not a
manly business to briag it back to
light and joy?
The desire to be beloved is ever
restless and unsatisfied ; but the love
that flows out upon others is a per-
petual wellspring from on high.
REFLECTIONS.
A summer sabbath day;
An ideal, balmy, breezy summer day.
The teeming earth, refreshed by recent
showers,
Presents enchanting vistas to the gaze,
Of fields of heavy, golden ripening grain,
And tasseled corn, bent gently to the breeze,
And miles of deep-green tinted lucerne fields,
With myriad stocks of scented, purple bloom.
The gleaming lake lies placid in the beam
Of ardent, boldly-glancing noonday sun;
While the soft wind
Stirs to the gentle ripple of a smile,
The tiny wavelets on her bosom deep.
Near by upon the other hand,
The lofty peaks ond craigs of Wasatch rise,
Extending like a chain of sentry's grim,
Into dim distance at the valley's end,
The canyons, deep-indented in their sides,
Whose cooling streams bring verdure to the
plains,
Or lashed to angry torrents by the storms
Bring drear destruction in their roaring wake,
Lie all spread out before my thoughtful gaze,
The living picture of a Master Hand.
Oh, lovely vale of home! place of my birth and
childhood,
Where, in the tender trust of early youth,
I pictured thee more vast than all the world,
And thought thy towering summits touched the
skies;
Though steam realties of adult life
Have swept away the imagery of youth,
I passionately, fondly love thee yet !
Within my peaceful home,
Which stands aloof from off the beaten track
Of traffic, and the din of city streets,
Away back in the fields of waving green,
I dream my dreams, and think my thoughts
alone.
I see the roofs
Of neighboring farm houses through the trees,
And know that those, who love the word of
God,
Have sought the house oi God, and there give
ear
To words of comfort, melody and praise;
And, in imagination, see the cup,
The symbol of the dear Redeemer's blood,
Pass hand to hand the congregation through.
I see the man oi God,
In humble self- depreciation rise,
Invoking that sweet Spirit on his words,
That he may give ''true bread of life" to all.
How he exhorts to faithfulness and peace,
(Jr pours sweet balm into the wounded heart;
Or how, in clarion tones of just reproof,
Denounces sin, and wickedness, and crime,
How his recital of the wrongs of One
Who suffered every gross indignity —
For us, that we might have Eternal Life,
That best of all good gifts of God to man,
Cheers on the timid-hearted to the goal,
To make a fresh endeavor to do right.
Oh, God ! Oh, God ! with weary, aching heart,
And aching eyes, by tears of sadness burned,
I sit alone; and memory wanders back
Along the vista of the moving years,
To where in youth, and innocence, and love,
I joined my voice with those who praised Thy
name,
With anthems rolling down cathedral aisles;
Or sat entranced, to hear Thy chosen ones
Unfold the gospel plan of endless life.
And pray to thee, Oh, God, to hear my prayer t
Make me content to bravely bear my cross,
To bravely do my duty till the end,
Trusting in thee to make salvation sure.
Ah, who am I, Oh, tender, patient Christ,
That I should match my cares and woes with
Thine?
Help me to murmur not, though thou hast
deemed
It best to, in a measure, take away,
The usefulness and joys that go with youth.
Help me to trust in thee, dear Lord, and know.
Thou hast my dearest interest at heart.
Help me, dear Lord, to seek not selfish gifts,
But those which benefit my fellow- man.
For this I feel to be the key to gifts,
And faith, and grace, and usefulness on earth.
And favor in the sight of Him who rules,
That our chief aim must be to benefit
And bless mankind, and use our influence
To bring to Him full sheaves of precious souls.
And thou, Oh, God, who reads the hearts of
men,
Hath seen the thorny, stoney, dreary path
Which I have walked, unaided, sore bereft
Of human love and human sympathy.
And if, in thy unerring providence,
My trials take the shape of sacrifice
Of dearest kindred ties for love of thee,
Oh, bind my sundered heart with bands of faith,
Pour down thy light, that I be not deceived;
And give to me the friendship, warm and true,
Of thine anointed ones, that I may feel
The less the loss of father, mother, friend.
Essie Layhew*
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT.
REPRESENTING THE LATTER-DAY SAINTS' COLLEGE, SALT LAKE CITY,
Being a partial reflex of the work done in the chief Theological College
of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints-
THE TEACHING OF GRAMMAR.
For many years I have regarded
"grammar" as a very unfortunate
term unwisely applied; unfortunate,
because derived from the Greek
word "gramma," meaning "a let-
ter;" unwisely applied, because
made so often to refer only to the
letter of the spoken or written lan-
guage, and not to its spirit. This
mis-application of the term has mis-
led text- book makers and teachers
so much, that our work in grammar
has run largely to word-study, with-
out much reference to the living
thought. Now, a word may be con-
sidered valuable in any sense, only
as it expresses a thought; and the
primary object of the study of the
word, is to fully comprehend its
meaning. This is the point where
our teaching of grammar has large-
ly failed of its object. We have
been studying the word for its own
sake, not for the sake of its thought.
When the student has placed a sen-
tence on the diagram, or has sub-
mitted it to analysis, his whole atten-
tion has been directed to the outer
form and substance of the sentence,
not to its inner meaning. If it is
urged that he must get the meaning
of each word in order to place it
aright on the diagram, I answer
that this is the very idea to be avoid-
ed; he should be trained to analyze
the word, if he analyzes it at all,
in order to get its meaning. What
has generally been considered the
end is the means; what has been re-
garded as means, is really the end.
The ultimate object of all gram-
mar teaching may be expressed in
two divisions: thought-acquirement
and thought-expression. We study
English that we may properly un-
derstand what we read and hear,
and properly express what we think.
I have purposely omitted mention of
the universal aim of all school work,
the development of the mind, for
that object of the teaching of Eng-
lish is self-evident to you all. All
other ends of grammar teaching are
secondary. The two named above
must be constantly kept in view to
give proper direction to the work.
There are many ways in which these
objects may be missed, and have
been missed in the past. I shall
briefly refer to some of these: First,
excessive diagraming, analysis and
parsing. No doubt you can all re-
member the time in your school ex-
perience, when almost the only aim
of grammar teaching was this jug-
gling with words, phrases, clauses,
and sentences. He was the class
hero who came triumphantly to his
teacher with the longest and most
intricate sentence, properly dissect-
ed and hung upon bars and crosses.
Had he gone deeply into the deli-
cate shades of a word's meaning,
noted its beauty and grace, recog-
nized its fitness for the place assigned
it in the sentence? No; he had se-
cured or guessed at enough of its
meaning to place it in proper rela-
tionship with one or two other words
whose meaning he had ' 'seen through
a glass darkly;" but with no word
in the sentence had he come face to
face. He was on speaking terms
only with the sentence; he had not
cultivated its acquaintance. Imag-
ine, therefore, his awkwardness when
asked to construct a sentence like
the one he had analyzed. A certain
form of noun, of verb, of pronoun,
of adjective, of adverb, he intro-
duced, merely to fill out the dia-
gram. The thought, if there was
any, was left to take care of itself.
Imagine his consternation when
asked to write an extended compo-
sition. I feel yet the cold chills I
experienced when the terrible inno-
vation was introduced to me. I
668
COLLEGE DEPAR TMEAT.
could stand before my teacher and
glibly recite relations, and tenses,
and cases, and comparisons, but I
had not yet learned to think reali-
ties. I was thinking only in sym-
bols. Words, empty signs of still
more empty ideas. Things to be
writhed and tossed, and juggled
with, but not to be undrstood and
loved because of their inward value.
Bodies without the animating spirit;
corpses of departed thoughts. What
had grammar done for me, what for
you? It had led us to look with
disfavor upon the end of all such
work, and to use the means for its
own sake.
Another mistake was the too early
introduction of technical grammar.
Boys and girls of ten years were
superficially examining words and
phrases, their teachers fondly imag-
ining that they were doing the work
well. Technical grammar is at least
as difficult a subject as algebra; it
requires as fully matured a mind as
algebra, that its delicate relation-
ships and subtle connections of
thought may be mastered. Again,
all power of thonght and close ap-
preciation of beauty was destroyed
by undue attention to the symbolic
word. Instead of the mind being
rendered strong and independent,
filled with the power of concentrated
thinking, it was led to a stilted, imi-
tation style of expression, with no
adequate reference to ideas or the
inner meaning. These are some of the
mistakes which have been made all too
frequently. How should they be cor-
rected? By thorough thought-acquir-
ing, thought-developing, thought-
expressing work. Thorough, thor-
ough, thorough! Make that word
your guide. Whatever sentence you
study, though it consist of but two
words, get its innermost meaning.
Do not leave it until its full worth
and beauty become apparent. No
sentence is too small for this scrutiny.
I have even heard the sublimest sen-
tences in the language, read with no
touch of feeling, by students who
had not been trained to this thor-
oughness of study and treatment.
It is a fault which cries aloud for re-
dress. Students enter our high
schools and colleges, who can no
more understand the beauties of
pure, sublime English, than they can
solve the mysteries of the stars.
They have gazed into the writings of
the masters, as a child into the
realms of space, with a vague feeling
of awe and wonder, but the tele-
scope of thought-appreciation has not
been used to bring those works
nearer, that they may be studied
with an appreciative critic's eye, as
the astronomer studies the starry
vault. Hence, the foundation of
English work must be laid or re-laid
in the high school or college, where
the superstructure should be raised.
We must at some future time come
to it, that the foundation is laid in
the eight grades of the primary
school. I will devote the remainder
of my paper to showing how I think
this may be done.
This subject should be treated un-
der the two topics named above;
thought-acquirement and thought-
expression. Though these must go
together in actual work, they will,
for convenience, be treated separate-
ly here.
The first: As soon as a child en-
ters school, he should be placed in
the way of hearing good thoughts
expressed in good language. The
stories and facts related to him
should impart ideas to him and en-
courage the formation ot ideas in
his own mind. Thoughts beget
thoughts; ideas are the parents of
ideas. See to it that a good parent-
age is supplied in the child's mind —
a good progeny will result; for like
begets like. When the child learns
to read, see to it that he has the best
literature adapted to his grade. The
old trash, "I go up," "You go
down," "See me run," which we
mouthed over in pur childhood, has
been relegated to oblivion, and liv-
ing thought, clothed in burning
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT.
669
words, has taken its place. Ad-
vance the reading, step by step, as
the child mind advances. Increase
the weight graduallly, and he who
lifted the new-born lamb of thought
in childhood, will lift the full-grown
sheep in manhood. But, as you ad-
vance step by step and grade by
grade, see to it that all the thought
is mastered. What means do you
have of ascertaining this? The sim-
ple rule that the child knows the
idea fully if he can express it clearly
in his own language; not else.
Therefore, question him on every
point. Have him reproduce the
thought, turn it over and over, ap-
ply perception, apperception, ex-
pression. Only by this means can
you be sure he is doing his work
well. You say this is difficult?
Good; therein is its value. I ask
for no stronger approval.
Now, how should analysis, dia-
graming, parsing, be applied here?
As scaffolding to help build the
house of thought. How often have
we seen men and boys, women and
girls devoting precious time to these
helps and means, reminding us of a
man building an elaborate system of
scaffolding for its own sake, with no
house in sight. Teach by induction
the truths of etymology and syntax,
and let the student formulate his own
rules, illustrating them by proper
examples. But teach them by means
of living, breathing, stirring sen-
tences, not by forms which the stu-
dent himself has killed and dissected
in the vain hope of finding what is in
them. Make your own detailed ap-
plication of this principle, for it is a
true one, and what is true is always
good. The dead body of a sen-
tence is like the dead body of a man,
fit only to be buried from sight. Let
the pupil be trained to use the sen-
tence while its spirit is still present,
not after it has departed.
On the second line of work I must
enter into much closer detail.
Thought-expression. I marked out
he basis and gave the keynote of
this work when I said that the child
understands a thought only when he,
can express it properly. The loqua-
cious lisper in the beginners' grade,
proud of his growing power of
speech, but using it with greater
economy than many a wiser one,
first claims our attention. Compo-
sition work for him? By all means.
If he is proud of his power of speech
he will gladly use it. He will hurl
back at you your thoughts, remould-
ed in his young, active mind. Here
you have a tyrant barbarian to deal
with, and happy you if you can rule
him into form and order while still
appearing to be his servant. You
must content yourself with being the
power behind the throne. He is
king — you are his prime minister.
Do your work wisely and well, and
you will become the sovereign and
he your willing, obedient subject.
Does he make a mistake in language?
Do not let it pass uncorrected. Let
it be corrected by him, but make it
appear that in so doing he is confer-
ring a favor on you. See to it that
you make no mistake in your use of
language; he will gradually acquire
your correctness of speech by habit,
a most efficient way. No doubt you
have all known teachers to talk for
hours on the rules of tyntax, and at
every breath violate an important
principle of sentence construction,
word enunciation, accent, or other
propriety of speech. Their rules
become a house of cards which the
breath of their own errors sweeps
into irretrievable ruin. Their pupils
have acquired from them a habit of
incorrect speech which, like a swollen
flood, breaks through all restraint of
rule. Would you then avoid the
perpetual looking downward upon
the incorrect speech of your pupils?
Be sure that you prevent these mis-
takes by the only possible means,
your own absolute infallibility.
Regarding the subjects of the pu-
pil's earliest oral composition work.
These may consist of two elements,
what you tell the child and what he
670
COL I. E ( : /■: />/:/'. I A' 7 ME NT.
himself perceives without your direct
assistance. Your little child is a
novelist in embryo. His memory
and imagination are strong, and both
are untrammeled by conventionality.
Use these powers well. The story
you tell, whether it be fable, myth, a
scrap of history or a bit of biography,
will be eagerly received, and by the
wonderful power of unfettered gener-
alization which the child possesses,
its full value will be appreciated, and
its best elements added to and repro-
duced in proper form. Therefore,
do not stint your story-telling. Let
moral stories be related, but keep
their moral in the background, lest
its obtrusion on the child nauseate
him. Trust him to discover by his
own instinct the lesson intended
without his interest in the recital be-
ing diminished.
Encourage the child to describe
with accuracy the things he perceives
in every-day life. A sort ot rivalry
might even be encouraged here, to
the betterment of the perceptive and
the representative powers of the
mind. Soon the child will begin to
write. Do' not force him to the
slow, mechanical drawing of his let-
ters, but let him grasp at once the
whole sentence, with its full meaning,
and express that meaning in writing
before it departs from him. In this
way written composition work may
be made to contribute to thought de-
velopment and expression, instead of
retarding it. By constant repetition
of acts of correct writing, spelling
and syntax may be mechanically ac-
quired, rules for the first being al-
most useless, and for the second too
advanced to be comprehended by
the child.
Other subjects for composition may
be introduced, as the child's regular
work in geography, arithmetic, his-
tory, etc. Let pictures be presented
to the pupil for description or the
development of the story-telling fac-
ulty. Occasionally request him to
answer the questions in his various
lessons, in writing, and read or hand
it to you. Encourage him to write
real, not imaginary letters to teacher,
classmate, or relative. Always keep
reality and utility in view in this
work, that the child may not feel
that he is being trifled with or his
time wasted. His reading should
keep pace with his writing and his
writing with his reading. These
may be properly correlated. I have
already urged that he be given the
best possible material for his reading.
When he has finished a selection, let
him write an abstract or a description
ot it. Examine this closely and
study it for thought and form. Cor-
rect all inaccuracies, or, better, indi-
cate them and insist that the pupil
correct them. Mention and com-
mend the main excellencies, for I
may be permitted to say in passing
that you owe a duty to the pupil and
to yourself to make your criticisms
favorable, as well as adverse. There
is a profound truth in Mr. Allison's
statement that frequent contact with
an error, even though it be known
as an error, leads one unconsciously
to imitate it. (Story of the man
and the chaff. ) He who seeks error
alone, will naturally acquire error for
his reward. But you should see to
it that the child corrects every mis-
take, that the proper form in spelling
and syntax may be the last and most
enduring impression on his mind.
Do not let the error stand as a per-
petual menace to him; have him cor-
rect it, that the true form may be the
permanent one.
As you pass the fourth grade,
slowly introduce, by induction, the*
principles of technical grammar. Be
sure each step is inductive and easy.
As you lead the child into this new
field, do not permit him to scrutin-
ize the fences of rule and principle
which bound the field, and to miss
the thoughts and beauties which
form its fruitage. Do not allow him
to become so intent upon the dusty
road he follows, as to be oblivious to
the landscape which stretches in
beautv on either hand. Let him
ELECTRICITY DIR ECTLY FROM COAL.
671
not learn a rule for its own sake, to
repeat it gibly and perhaps violate
it in the repetition. If he shows by
its application his understanding of
it, he "protests too much" if he is
always wishing to repeat it to you.
And so I might go on repeating
these trite, homely rules; but you
can think them out if vou under-
stand the principles underlying them.
I have scarcely begun to touch the
details of practical work in grammar.
Polonius concluded his parting ad-
vice to Laertes in the golden
words,
' This above all: To ihine own self be true;
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man."
With sincere apologies to Shakes-
peare, permit me in concluding my
advice to you, to paraphrase thus:
"This above all: unto the thought be true;
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to outward
form."
As the child's thoughts grow, the
outward expression will grow to fit
them, as the shell the chambered
nautilus of Holmes' matchless poem:
"Year after year beheld the silent toil
That spread his lustrous coil;
Still, as the spiral grew,
He left the last year's dwelling for the new,
Stole with soft step its shining archway
through,
Built up its idle door,
Stretched in his last-found home, and knew
the old no more. "
And we can apostrophize the ex-
panding soul of thought, as Holmes
the growing soul of man:
"Build the more stately mansions, O my soul,
As the swift seasons roll !
Leave thy low vaulted past !
Let each new temple, nobler than the last,
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast
Till thou at length art free,
Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unrest-
ing sea!"
For human language, the present
environment and expression of
thought, and of' the soul, "veiled in
its mantle of clay," will be thrown
from us when our souls meet one
another in the shining transparency
of perfect and immortal knowledge:
when we "see as we are seen, and
know as we are known."
Willard Done.
ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY FROM COAL.
In the most used method of ob-
taining electricity in large quantities,
energy must undergo a number of
transformations, i. e. , it must change
from one kind of force to another.
By the combustion of coal heat is
first generated; then this through
the agency of steam is changed into
mechanical force; and finally the last
by running the dynamos produces
electricity. But in this process by
far the greater part of the theoreti-
cal amount of energy is practically
lost — under the best possible condi-
tions of boilers, engines, etc. , only
eighteen per cent. , and under ordi-
nary circumstances but from two to
six per cent, being obtained as elec-
tricity. Then, if the actual amount
of energy made available through
the complete combustion of a certain
weight of coal be denoted by 100, it
is plain that the quantity of elec-
tricity usually gotten from this is
equal to what, with perfect arrange-
ments, ought to be obtained from 6
at the highest.
It is not at all surprising, then,
that electrical engineers have long
been seeking a method by which the
great losses usually suffered in the
the transformations above described
should be lessened. This they have
expected to do by obtaining the
electric energy ' 'directly from
coal."*
*It may be well to remark here that it is
technically incorrect to say the energy exists
in coal, for the act of combustion depends "on
the activity of the oxygen molecules alone"
(Cooke). For this reason it will be seen that
the omount of electricity produced by the
Jacques method is proportional to that of the
air (of which twenty-one per cent, is oxygen)
supplied.
672
ELECTRICITY DIRECTL Y FROM 1 '<>.!/.
About two years ago, in a lecture,
Professor Ostwald said that when
this was accomplished we should
find ourselves on the brink of an in-
dustrial revolution compared with
which the invention of the steam en-
gine sinks into insignificance.
So many fruitless attempts were
made, however, that many looked
upon the accomplishment of the
thing as a dream of the past. Now
the waning hopes have been revived
through the declaration of most rel-i
able authorities that the problem
has been solved by an invention —
the most remarkable since that of
the X Rays — of Dr. W. W. Jacques.
The first written account of the dis-
covery occurred in the Boston
Transcrzf>f of May nth under the
following heading:
"An Industrial Revolution — The
World May be on the Brink of One
— Marvelous Discovery of a Boston
Scientist for Obtaining Energy from
Coal Direct and in many times the
Quantity Now Obtained at the Same
Cost — A Syndicate Said to Have
Offered $600,000 for a Six-tenths
Interest."
We shall quote this account in
part:
''In the simplest form of galvanic
battery, two pieces of metal, one
copper and the other zinc, are im-
mersed in a receptacle of glass or
earthenware, partly filled with water,
to which a small portion of sulphuric
acid has been added. When the
two separate pieces of metal are
connected by wire a current of elec-
tricity at once begins to be gener-
ated. This is called a cell. In be-
ginning his researches, Doctor
Jacques realized that the thing de-
sired was a cell in which carbon
would be oxidized and consumed,
not by combustion, as by fire, but at
a low temperature. In every bat-
tery, properly so-called, constant de-
terioration of the electrolyte is inevi-
table. Therefore, Dr. Jacques re-
jected the battery at the outset. His
electrolyte must not suffer decompo-
sition. The only thing consumed
must be the carbon. He conceived
the idea and this was his great dis-
covery, that the oxygen of the air
might be made to combine with the
carbon not directly, but through the
aid of an intervening electrolvtc,
which should carry it and present it
to the carbon. For each electrolyte
he selected caustic soda.
"To carry out his conception he
took an iron pot which became in
itself one of 'the elements' of h\>
cell. Into this he put caustic soda,
which, at normal temperature, is a
solid. Applying heat and raising
the mass to the moderate tempera-
ture of 300 degrees, it fused. He
now had an electrolyte. Into it he
plunged a stick of carbon, and then
thrust an iron tube down into the
molten mass, almost to the bottom,
and through this, by means of a
pump, he forced air, which came
bubbling up to the surface. The
electrolyte caught and held a part
long enough to present it to the sur-
face of the carbon, which immedi-
ately accepted and combined with
the oxygen that formed a part of the
air within its reach. The result fullv
realized expectations. It was found,
the carbon and the pot being con-
nected by wire, that a current oi
phenominal volume flowed through
it. And it was also found that,
within limits, the amount of that cur-
rent was proportioned to the volume
of air supplied. Again, it was found
that the ebullition produced in the
mass by the passage of the air
through it had a most beneficial ef-
fect in keeping the surface of the
carbon free from particles of ash and
other impurities, and that it had
other advantages as well.
"The experimental cell proves the
discovery and illustrates the inven-
tion. For its size it yields a phe-
nominally large volume of current,
but its voltage or electrical pressure
is slight.
That, however, is a difficulty
which electricians overcome easilv.
ELECTRICITY DIRECTLY FROM COAL.
673
Dr. Jacques provided 100 iron pots,
each 12 inches deep and ih inches
in diameter. These were set in ten
rows often each and suspended over
a grate, the whole being bricked in
to retain the heat. In each of these
a suitable amount of caustic soda
was put, and this was fused by fire
beneath. Then in each a cylinder
of carbon was suspended and the
carbon in each pot was connected by
a wire with the rim of the next ad-
joining pot. Wires leading from
the first pot and the last carbon con-
stituted the terminals of the genera-
tor. Reaching down into each pot
was an air tube, and these were all
so connected above as to take air
from a force pump. The terminals
being connected through a series of
incandescent lamps, current was gen-
erated which caused them to glow,
the pump being driven by a motor
actuated by a small portion of the
current. Here was a veritable 'gen-
erator, doing commercial work.
The time had come for accurate
measurements and tests.'
"To make these, Professor Ch as.
R. Cross, professor of physics in the
Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy, and the electrical engineering
firm of Stone & Webster of Boston,
were called in. What had been ob
tained in the way of commercial re-
sults was 30 16-candle incandescent
lamps glowing at full brilliancy. It
was found that to maintain these
lights for 1834 hours required the
consumption, by oxidation, of about
eight pounds of coal. It was also
found that the average pressure was
90 volts and that the average
amount of current was 16 amperes.
It was also determined by careful
measurements and calculations based
thereon, that the electrical energy
actually obtained from one pound of
carbon consumed in the pots was 82
per cent.* of the theoretical. The
expert's report says: 'It is, per-
*A later report gives 94 per cent. Expert
electricians give from 85 to 90 per cent.
haps, fair to say that we may expect
the carbon electric generation tc
yield ten times as much electricity
per pound of carbon as does a good
average steam dpnamo plant.' "
The description of the invention
which we have just quoted is that of
the experimental, unelaborated ap-
paratus. We shall add a few points.
It is very essential that the iron com-
posing the pot shall be as free as
possible from impurities. Steel or
iron containing much carbon is not
to be used, for then the caustic soda
would act upon it, whereas it has no
effect whatever upon pure iron. The
tube through which the air is carried
must, of course, consist also of some
substance not acted upon by the
electrolyte. In the patent diagram
of the Jacques cell this tube is repre-
sented as running down one side of
the vessel nearly to the bottom, then
turning in, and ending in a "rose."
The object of the "rose" is to break
the air up into numerous fine sprays,
so as to distribute it evenly through
the electrolyte, and to keep a uni-
form heat throughout the mass. The
air that escapes to the surface act?
beneficially hot only in removing ash
particles, etc. , but also by causing an
agitation there of the molten caustic
and thereby imprisoning more air.
The pot is insulated and bricked in.
If Professor Jacques' discovery be
what is claimed for it, and with the
assurance of so many eminent men
there can be little doubt of it, it is
certainly one of vast moment to the
human family. Of course, som -
must be deducted from the high per
cent of efficiency given by the ex-
perts, because they did not figure in
the coal used in heating the vessels.
But even making liberal allowance
for this, we still have a truly won-
derful result, especially when com-
parisons are made with the result?
obtained from ordinary "plants."
As might have been predicted,
many wild and unwarranted specula-
tions regarding the outcome of the
invention have been indulged in.
674
Till-: KIMBERLY DIAMOND FIELDS.
Certain it is, however, that if expec-
tations are even somewhere nearly
realized, there will, indeed, be a
great industrial revolution; and it
claimed has resulted from the intro-
duction of the telegraph and tele-
phone. But now that the scientific
world has been aroused to the subject,
has been suggested that there will be . we may well await developments.
a beneficial moral effect, such as is Adiantum.
THE KIMBERLY DIAMOND FIELDS.
No one visiting Cape colony on
business or pleasure bent, feels he has
done his duty, unless he visits the
famous diamond fields, situated
about five hundred miles from Cape
Town on the north bank of the Or-
ange River.
The scene at the railway depot,
Cape Town, every evening, is a very
animated one, more so when an Eu-
ropean Mail steamer has arrived;
then perhaps a more cosmopolitan
crowd could not be found at any
spot in the universe. There are
representatives from every country
on earth.
A big Californian over yonder is
probably speculating when civiliza-
tion will reach the southern hemis-
phere in the form of Pullman cars.
You get a prod in the back and hear
a smothered voice from behind two
armfuls of parcels say, "Peg par-
ding, mine friendt." Another Is-
raelite bound for the New Jerusalem.
Here a sturdy German; there a son
of La Belle France, keeping up his
national reputation, judging from the
interest he is creating in the breast
of a buxom, English ex-barmaid.
Dudes, soldiers, sailors, Boers, nig-
gers, coolies, all are there — either
going out on the train or loafing
around to kill time.
At last the bell rings all aboard,
and you scramble into your compart-
ment and are locked in (I guess that
is done to prohibit the passengers
from alighting and walking into Kim-
berly to let them know the train is
coming). If you are caged up with
only one intoxicated individual, you
may feel lucky, as such incidents
seem to be more often the rule than
the exception. The railroads in
South Africa are run by the govern-
ment, and are passing'fair, consider-
ing the difficulties that had to be
overcome. Apart from heavy grades
and skillful engineering, there were
the Boers; they wouldn't hear of it.
Hadn't their fathers ridden in ox-
wagons? Why couldn't they? The
traders and transport riders (freight-
ers) promptly sat down upon the
whole scheme; and as they are an
influential body of men at the polls,
it looked for a time as though Cape
Colony was to be denied steam trans-
portation. Eventually progress tri-
umphed, as two trunk lines now
testify. The cars are built on the
old conservative, European plan — in
compartments — with the improve-
ment, however, of having the pad-
ded back of the seats on hinges, so
by slipping out a catch, a top berth
may be improvised, provided that
there are only four persons in the
compartment. South Africa scenery,
with a few exceptions, can be
summed up as consisting of Karroo
bush, copjes and boulders; boulders,
copjes and Karroo bush, with a few
mournful looking sheep, angora
bucks, ostriches and red-blanketed
Kaffirs thrown in to relieve the in-
tense monotony.
Kimberly, as I first saw it, seemed
to have been built late one night at
the end of the week, and then in a
hurry. As lumber is a scarce arti-
cle, the majority of houses were
composed of sheets of galvanized
iron, roof and all being manufactured
of the same article. When it is
THE KIMBERL Y DIAMOND FIELDS.
675
1050 in the shade and the gay and
festive fly goes on the war-path,
aided by his effective allies, the re-
tiring tick, the inquisitive sand flea,
et al., life in Kimberly is hardly a
bed of roses.
But genus homo will undertake
all kinds of risks and discomforts,
providing sheckles play a prominent
part in the transaction. No sane
man would cheerfully accept Kim-
berley as a pleasure resort, A visit
to the Fields proper is an experience
never to be forgotten. The old-time
individual claim holders are a thing
of the romantic past. The claims
are all now owned by a syndicate un-
der the title of the DeBeers Diamond
and Mining company, with Cecil
Rhodes, Cape Colony's ex-premier as
president; Barney Barnato as one of
the largest shareholders and Mr.
Williams, a Californian, as general
manager, who incidentally receives
a salary of 15,000 pounds a year.
To him is due the credit of making
the mines what thay are today.
Before he took the reins the
American shaft and tunneling sys-
tem had not been successfully intro-
duced: in fact "the blue" (diamond-
ferous clay) was taken bodily out of
the largest pick and shovel hole on
earth (some 2,000 feet by 800
deep.) The reef would cave in at
most inopportune moments. Con-
sequently the loss of human life was
appaling, ready made coffins being
always kept in stock in wholesale
lots. As long as only niggers were
pulverized there was no unseemly
agitation. But a fifty-ton rock on a
down grade is no discriminator of
persons and things began to look
as though perchance the supply of
white bosses might eventually run
out. Under Mr. Williams' regime
this terrible death trap was practical-
ly abandoned; shafts were sunk and
tunnelling a 1' American was instituted
as a mode of getting at the "blue."
To visit the mines it is necessary
to get a permit signed by either the
manager or secretary of the com-
pany. This being obtained as a
great favor you are handed over to
the tender mercies of a minor offic-
ial, who in my instance was accom-
panied by another socially inclined
gentleman — presumably to frustrate
any attempt on our part of bodily
carrying off the mine. After partak-
ing of the inevitable cup of Boer cof-
fee, we donned rubber habiliments
that would make Dusty Rhodes or
Weary Walker blush to contemplate
and then stepped like lambs to the
slaughter into overhead inclined trol-
ley baskets, breathed a mental pray-
er and dropped diagonally into the
crater-like abyss. This proceeding,
however, is but a forerunner of sen-
sations.
The hair-raising part of the pro-
ceedings is yet to come; you say
good-bye to home and country dear
and proceed to descend a shaft via a
dripping- wet, uncertain ladder into
the veritable bowels of the earth, from
one level to another for some 500
feet. As you reach a level and rest
you imagine you are in Dante's
Inferno; lights flicker here and there;
hundreds of Kaffirs, Basutos, Pondos,
and representatives of the numerous
South African tribes, naked as on
their natal day, their black bodies
glistening in the lantern light, work
like furies urged on by their white
bosses, who get a commission on the
number of loads delivered on the
floors, and are not above using two
feet of fuse as a gentle persuader to
further efforts. The odor arising
from their black bodies nauseates the
senses, and as no son of Ham can
work without chanting, yelling and
grunting, pandemonium reigns su-
preme (I've heard that phrase be-
fore.) Half fainting you beg for a
glimpse once more of even Kimber-
ley's brassy sky. You are assisted,
this time, to the elevators and are
whirled upward; but before you
reach the top it stops and all hands
are searched thoroughly in a manner
that would make a police court jailor
blush with mortification. If a luck-
676
THE KIMBERLY DIAMOND FIELDS,
less nigger is suspected of swallow-
ing a stone he is administered an
emetic; and interested parties sit
down to bet on the result. On ar-
riving at the top the niggers are
marched to their respective com-
pounds (a town of huts for each
tribe) which are enclosed and guard-
ed from the outside world by armed
men. A fine strong wire netting
extends over the compounds for
some distance around the outside
edges, which effectually prohibits
any son of Ham from throwing a
stone at an accomplice, or shooing
a chicken over the fence, after pre-
viously inserting a diamond into its
gullet. Each nigger employed has
to serve not less than three months.
Upon his giving notice to quit he is
confined for a few days in solitude,
with his hands encased in padlocked
stiff leather mitts so that any stone
concealed in a tumor or about his
anatomy cannot be removed, and
will cause inflamation, thus discov-
er itself.
There are some 7,000 blacks in
their respective compounds, all em-
ployes of this company, which fur-
ther provides work for some 1,500
white hands together with a couple
of hundred detectives, who are scat-
tered throughout the colony and ad-
jacent territory, to run down would-
be I D B's (Illicit Diamond Buy-
ers) Notwithstanding all precautions,
however, one of the sorters informed
me that a conservative estimate of
the diamonds stolen and disposed of
in Natal — where the law cannot touch
an I D B — foots up close upon
$100,000 per annum. Pages could be
filled with the cunning and brainy
methods resorted to by would-be
Monte Cristos, whose penalty when
caught is ten years penal servitude
in the colonial jails, working on the
Cape Town breakwater, side by side
with the black criminal aggregation.
Notwithstanding the risk, however,
it is an open secret that a great many
now prominent men in the Colony
made their pile by such means.
The "blue" on being brought to
the surface, is exposed on lumber
floors that have an area not of feet
but miles, being enclosed and like
the compound guarded night and
day by armed sentinels. This expo-
sure to the elements goes on for sev-
eral months, when the ore is crushed
it is taken to the pulsators, that wash
the diamonds, garnets, pebbles, etc.
in the reservoirs; thence they are re-
moved to the finding room, the
sheep being picked from the goats
by white men: then the smaller
stones are sorted by some one hun-
dred odd black convicts hired from
the imperial government; and finally
they go to the weighing room.
They are then put up in parcels for
sale to the brokers, who ship them
principally to Amsterdam and Lon-
don where they are cut and polished,
the annual output averaging close up-
on $20,000,000.
Society in Kimberly is of course
very mixed and one must not judge
a man by the cut of his coat, for
many a tattered one covers the back
of a London B. A. or scholar, whilst
ignorance and roguery is frequently
encountered in broadcloth. On dit
that one of the feminine leaders of
society there used to tend bar in the
misty past, whilst it is whispered
that the good- natured vulgar wife of
took in washing at a remote
period of her history. Money is
plentiful, consequently living is high,
nevertheless it is no place for the
poor man. G. E. Carpenter.
The good man quietly discharges
his duty and shuns ostentation; the
vain man considers every deed lost
that is not publicly displayed. The
one is intent upon realities; the
other, upon semblance. The one
aims to be good; the other, to ap-
pear so.
Argument, as usually managed, is
the worst sort of conversation, as in
books it is generally the worst sc :
of reading.
CURRENT COMMENT.
NANSENS RETURN.
Dr. FridthjOf Nansen, the Nor-
wegian arctic explorer, is again in
the land of the known. He left for
the north in the summer of 1893, in
a ship especially constructed for the
voyage. Nansen' s theory was that
a current flowed from the coasts of
Siberia, across the Polar regions to
the coasts of Greenland. Fastening
his ship to the ice he would drift
across. His ship, the Fram (mean-
ing forward) was built to withstand
the terrible pressure of the ice.
The Fram had the usual exped-
ience with the ice in the north and
drifted back and forth for nearly two
years. In the month of March last
year, Nansen, with one compan-
ion, left the ship and pressed on
northward over the ice. They took
with them twenty-eight dogs, two
sledges, two small boats or kayaks,
and provisions for one hundred
days, with which they traveled
north nearly a month until they
reached 86 deg. 14 min. which is a
little over 250 miles from the pole
and 195 miles farther north than
any other explorer has reached.
At this point the ice became im-
passable, so they returned. They
traveled all last summer to reach
land. As their dog food gave out,
they killed the weakest and fed to
the rest, until they were all gone.
Towards the last of August they
prepared for winter by building a hut
of stones, earth and moss, shooting
bears and walrus for food. Here
they spent all of last winter. This
spring they were again on the march,
wading through the ice and pad-
dling their kayaks through the open
waters, until, in August, they were
met by the explorer Jackson and his
party near Franz Josef Land. The
steamer Windward, which carried
supplies to Jackson, took Nansen
back to Norway.
WITHOUT PURSE OR SCRIP.
Late reports from the missionary
field are most encouraging. With
the allaying of prejudice, and the
clearing .away of misunderstanding
regarding the Latter-day Saints,
many are becoming interested and
are investigating the doctrines of the
Church.
A point of special interest is the
practice which is being encouraged,
especially in the southern states, of
traveling without purse or scrip, and
many of our elders are now literally
carrying out this plan. Many a
young 'missionary is having his faith
strengthened in the promises of God,
and many have strong stories to
tell of how the Lord has provided,
always in the nich of time.
The "without purse and scrip"
question has been a matter for much
discussion among our missionaries.
Doubtless environments have much
to do with its practice, but after all,
is it not very much a matter of faith?
"As thy faith so shall it be." As it
has met with such success in the
southern states, may it not soon be
carried to other less favorable
fields?
THE "DEVIL SCARE."
A few weeks ago there were a
number of panics among the school
children of New York City, caused
by the rumor that the devil was
abroad and taking a personal inter-
est in the doings of the schools.
It seems that, unlike the parents,
the evil one was in the habit of vis-
iting the schools — at least that was the
talk in the district, and the children
had become so worked up, that one
morning the cry went in one build-
ing that the devil was inside. The
children made a rush for the streets
and for home. Those in the street
took up the cry and in a few seconds
the greatest excitement prevailed.
The frightened children ran into
each other, great crowds gathered
in front of the school, and there was
danger of many getting tramped to
death. After a time the teacher got
them quieted and into the school
6jS
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
rooms, though all that day, the
older pupils had to accompany the
little ones to and from the school
house.
THE MOON'S MOON.
Among the recent discoveries in
astronomy is a moon's moon, says
.the Youth's Companion. An ob-
server using the great Lick telescope
noticed a tiny satellite revolving
around one of the moons of Jupiter.
Speaking more correctly, the larger
and the smaller satellite were revolv-
ing around a common center, in ac-
cordance with a law governing the
movements of all celestial neighbors.
Another interesting, and somewhat
weird discovery was a dark body
passing between the earth and the
moon. It was visible only while
crossing the moon's disk, and this
glimpse furnished no data for solving
the mystery of its hitherto unsus-
pected presence in space.
SATURDAY HALF-HOLIDAY.
The Saturday half-holiday move-
ment is growing in the eastern cities,
and it is worthy of encouragement.
American workers take too little
rest, and usually the busiest part ot
the week is late Saturday night.
Sunday is no day of rest to them,
and indeed the Sabbath is no Sab-
bath to the great majority of Ameri-
cans. It is their day of pleasure, in
fact the only day they have for rec-
reation.
That this is radically wrong, no
Latter-day Saint will deny. Would
it not be a good thing to cease our
work Saturday at noon, and take
the half day in performing our per-
sonal odd jobs, in recreation, and
in preparing tor the Sabbath? How
would it do to go to the lake on Sat-
urday afternoons, take our bath, and
spend Sunday in attending to the
duties necessary to our spiritual
growth? Nephi Anderson.
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
The Great Dispenser of events in
the organization of the noblest and
most wonderful of all His creations,
man, "perfect in structure, noble in
reason and infinite in faculty" did
not seemingly attain that perfection
that six thousand years of human ex-
perience has demonstrated to be
necessary for the preservation of
peace and happiness, and the reali-
zation of his loftiest ideal.
The primitive pair, who were
driven forth from Paradise, were en-
dowed with certain instincts and
qualities, through the designed per-
version of which was to lose for them
their priceless heritage, the glories
and splendors of Cellestialism. Fore
ordained disobedience to the Divine
Mandate, resulted in the expulsion
of Adam and Eve from Eden, from
which moment dates the long, weary
struggles and contentions of man
with the obstacles and realities of a
depreciated and degenerate world;
henceforth he must earn his bread
by toil and painstaking industry.
The golden pathway of life, whece
all had been peace and harmony and
infinite joy, was now converted into
an uninviting abode strewn with
thorns and thistles. The face of na-
ture became universally transformed
out of all semblance to its former
self: the race must now suffer the
"slings and arrows out of raged
fortune, heart aches, and a thou-
sand natural shocks that flesh is
heir to ' '
The changed conditions and en-
vironments to which he is subjected,
develops a combative principle along
with varied constitutional peculiar-
ities. He becomes ill-natured and
quarrelsome, discordant elements be-
came common characteristics of his
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
679
temperament. Human nature thus
contaminated by contact with a de-
generate world, oblivious to the
monitions of the tribunal instituted
in Paradise for the preservation of
order and harmony, required the for-
mation of new rules and regulations
to which it voluntarily subscribes, lor
the security and realization of its ap-
pointed ends.
If mankind were responsive to the
monitions of conscience, there would
be but few cases of disagreement, but
a quite universal and flagrant disre-
gard and perversion thereof, renders
the interposition of positive munici-
pal regulations imperitive, if the
peaceful evolution of society would
be secured. So it happens that from
a very early period, speaking with
reference to domestic relations, strin-
gent laws have been passed regu-
lating intercourse between the sexes,
providing the requisites of a valid
marriage, and determining the con-
ditions of a dissolution.
Marriage and divorce have been
recognized in nearly all countries.
All nations permit marriage, but not
all allow divorces. The Romans
during the Regal period, down
through the Republic and the reigns
of the Pagan Emperors, were at lib-
erty to separate and terminate their
legal relationship by mutual consent,
or a divorce could be had at the will
of but one of the parties ; the com-
plaining party was however subject
to certain penalties, if the reasons in
law were not deemed good and suffi-
cient. Thus great latitude of divorce
was allowed down to the reigns of
the Christian Emperors; but it is a
singular fact that but a few divorces
were obtainedj at least to the over-
throw of the Republic. "Conjugal
affection, parental piety, and filial
reverence" were predominant char-
acteristics of the Roman household.
The fear of offending their Pagan di-
vinities in family feuds and dissen-
tions, unquestionably operated to
preserve peace and harmony and con-
genial relations between the spouses.
In Roman Catholic countries mar-
riage is regarded in the light of a re-
ligious sacrament, and as such is in-
dissoluble by any municipal author-
ity. The Divine Mandate "what
God has joined together, man must
not put asunder," has a special force
and significance in-the Catholic cere-
monial.
Prior to the Revolution in France
in 1789, an absolute annulment of
the marriage contract could not be
had. It was beyond the compass of
any temporal power to grant divorce
for any cause, whatsoever its charac-
ter. The matrimonial knot thus
tied, though the parties might have
a separation agreement, could never
legally contract another valid mar-
riage.
In 1792 mighty social and political
forces that had been long at work,
culminated in a formidable wave of
infidelity that swept over sunny
France, demolishing the churches
and destroying the time-honored in-
stitutions of religion; it changed the
character of the marriage institution.
A law was passed allowing divorce by
mutual consent, and on the applica-
tion of either party for certain desig-
nated statutory offences. On Na-
poleon's accession to the "Imp'e-
rium" in 1804, the latitude of divorce
was restricted. These laws were
however subsequently repealed, and
from 18 16 fo 1884 such a thing as an
absolute divorce was unknown in
France. Judicial separations were of
frequent occurrence. In 1884 a law
was passed, over the opposition of
Catholic votes, again granting ab-
solute divorces.
Prior to 1857 tne English courts
were prohibited from granting a di-
vorce avinculo matrimonii from the
bonds of matrimony, but were au-
thorized, however, as in France, to
decree a judicial separation, a quasi
termination of the marriage relation.
Since 1869 the power of granting an
absolute divorce had been exercised
by Parliament. The great expense
involved in going through the circu-
,8o
MARRIAGE AAD DIVORCE.
itous proceedings in obtaining the
decree, was such that only the rich
and well-to-do class could avail
themselves of such a luxury. A de-
cree of separation had first to be ob-
tained from the ecclesiastical court,
after which, proceedings for criminal
conversation against the adulterer
were instituted. If the complainant
was successful in these tribunals he
was at liberty to submit the case to
the House of Lords for final adjudi-
cation.
A probate and divorce court was
established by Parliament in 1857,
clothed with power to grant absolute
divorces lor certain specified statu-
tory reasons. Prior thereto the only
offence for which a divorce could be
obtained, was adultery, and Glad-
stone, with some of the most distin-
guished statesmen of England, ar-
gued against the enactment ol the
new law, contending it was anti-
scriptural, the scriptures allowing a
writing of divorcement only on the
ground of adultery.
The authority ol granting divorce
among the early colonists was lim-
ited to the Legislature. At the pres-
ent time every State in the Union,
excepting South Carolina, authorizes
divorce on various designated statu-
tory grounds.
From the foregoing observations
we see the attitude occupied by some
of the most enlightened nations on
the subject of marriage and divorce,
and observe a most commendable
tendency among most Christian peo-
ples, in recent times, to more liberal
legislation in this direction. Still,
we are lar from having attained that
perfection that many thousands of
badly matched and uncongenial
couples so earnestly desire and
clamor for.
Though we proudlv boast of large
individual liberties under our superb
government, our individuality within
the limits of the most sacred institu-
tion with which the law has to do, is
more greatly curtailed and fettered
than was that of the Romans during
the prosperous but stormy days of
her regal career, when divorce was a
matter of mutual consent, and peace
reigned in the domestic circle. The
family hearth was regarded as being
too sacred for legislative interference.
"They taught that legislation should
not touch the independence of the
family, nor confine by legal restraints
the ties which natural affection
formed. ' '
Under such a system of law, where
there are no legal restraints or are
but few on the freedom of divorce,
marriage must be regarded more in
the nature of a civil contract with its
legal accessories, and not a mere
status, as it is construed and defined
by modern jurists. As a status it
occupies a different relation to the
government than it otherwise would
il it were clothed in the legal habili-
ments of a civil transaction or con-
tract. It is true, however, that the
mere agreement to marry is a civil
contract, partaking ol the legal inci-
dents of a contractual relation for
the breach of which an action of dam-
ages is maintainable; but the relation-
ship consequent upon the consum-
mation of the marriage agreement
is purely a status surrounded by
special rules and regulations, not
terminable at the will of the parties,
as may be done in the case of a civil
contract.
It is indeed singular that the de-
faulting party to a contract of mar-
riage may be compelled to respond
in damages in satisfaction for a breach
before marriage, which is supposed
to compensate for lacerated feelings
and wounded sensibilities; but after
the marriage contract is completed,
and the hymenial knot securely tied
by law, when the masks of courtship
are thrown away, and flaws and de-
fects that were intentionally concealed
when the contract was entered into
exposed to view, wounded feelings,
•and tears, and heart-aches, the bitter
fruits of misplaced confidence and dis-
appointed love, are not of sufficient
moment or seriousness to warrant
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
68 1
the aid or assistance of the law; but
some shameful conduct or disgrace-
ful act that the law invites must be
resorted to or committed, that a
hungry and fault-finding public may
goad their curiosities to have some-
thing to gossip over before relief
can be obtained from the unhappy
relationship.
It is necessary under all jurisdic-
tions that one of several statutory
conditions exist to entitle the com-
plaining party to a definitive decree
of divorce. In our State (Utah) the
husband may obtain a divorce if the
wife has been convicted of a felony,
guilty of adultery, wilful desertion
for more than one year, habitual
drunkenness, and cruel treatment.
The wife, through the generosity of
beneficent legislators, most generous
considering their hitherto most ham-
pered conceptions, is entitled to a
divorce from her husband on either
of the same causes being established,
with the additional one in her favor
of failure to provide.
Think of the natural injustice and
monstrosity of a law that compels
men and women, who have discov-
ered themselves to be entirely un-
suited to each other, either through
mental or physical incongruity, or
both, living in a sort of "cat and
dog companionship," and altogether
incapable of living happy together,
to still continue to live with each
other, with no hope of an honorable,
legal separati m. The law practically
compels this very thing.
Divorce laws should be framed
with reference to physiological law,
which is the law of heaven, the ob-
servance (if which is absolutely nec-
essary to secure matrimonial felicity.
On the contrary, the existing legisla-
tion is to ignore altogether these
fundamental considerations, as a con-
sequence of which children are be-
ing born into the world, the offspring
of ill-mated and disagreeable com-
panions, whose constitutional pecu-
liarities become thereby infected.
The divorce code as it now exists
in the U. S. is, by its incomplete-
ness and restrictive character, an
ugly monument of misdirected legis-
lation, foreign to the cardinal princi-
ple of nature, and not at all calcu-
lated to promote domestic happi-
ness.
To compel the candidates for the
matrimonial adventure, who as a rule
are wholly ignorant of the physiology
and phrenology of the human sys-
tem, and therefore incompetent to
correctly pass upon the laws of tem-
peramental adaptation, to continue
to live together after they have dis-
covered themselves totally inadapt-
ed, sustaining an unhappy and re-
pulsive companionship, is, to say
the least, unwise and unnatural in
the extreme. There should be some
measures provided, other than exist-
ing statutory ones, by which the
disppointed and discontented parties
may throw off their burdensome
yoke, and be again at liberty to con-
tract matrimonial relations at any
time they may feel disposed. Such
unrestricted freedom is entirely in
consonance with our broadest and
most generous conception of consti-
tutional and individual freedom.
The marriage contract should be
placed in the same category with
other civil contracts, clothing it with
quite the same legal attributes and
distinctions, empowering the parties
thereto to terminate their relations
by mutual consent.
Whose business is it if a married
couple cannot agree, whose relations
with each other have become re-
pulsive, by mutual agreement sepa-
rate and marry again? Why the
state assumes to be very materially
interested, so much so that it con-
structs impassable barriers against
the attainment of these conditions,
and instead of being permitted to
part, they are destined or doomed to
stem life's current together in a
state of belligerency, 'midst many
tears and sighs and sorrows, unless
they have the courage to commit
some statutory offense, and un-
682
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
bosom the sacred secrets of their
home to the public. Yes they may
have a divorce emensa et thora, and
avoid living together, but a second
valid marriage cannot be contracted.
Who does not know and will not
recognize that such a law is an in-
ducement to easy virtue by all who
secure such a quasi termination of
the marriage contract. Such an ar-
raignment contravenes the demands
of nature and will ever be violated,
for God has implanted instincts and
passsions in the human being that
no legislature can legislate away. It
is the individual happiness of the
parties themselves (inasmuch as it
will not be subservive of public mor-
als) that should be the paramount
and controlling consideration in the
enactment of laws for the govern-
ment of the institution of marriage.
There is nothing to show that the
incorporation of the element of
mutual consent in the termination of
the marriage relationship would
deteriorate public morals, on the con-
trary it would have the inevitable ef-
fect of ameliorating the unfortnate
condition of thousands of wretchedly
matched men and women, whose un-
congenial temperments wholly in-
capacitate them to live happy with
each other.
Legislators should have no scru-
ples in interfering with this institution
because they conceive it to be of
divine origin, for it did not thus
originate: it bears no such marks,
and history contradicts it. On the
other hand it bears abundant traces
of the finger marks of man, and a
world of wretched and unhappy peo-
ple, who have rushed thoughtlessly
and inconsiderately into its turbulent
precincts, powerless to extricate
themselves, solemnly testifies.
New divorce legislation is im-
peratively demanded everywhere
throughout the country. It may be
depended that reform legislation will
be had, if not now its accomplish-
ment will not be long posponed, for
the eternal and immutable decrees of
nature must be recognized if society
would reap its richest appointments.
Our age is a progressive and ex-
perimental one, our government is
an experiment, our institutions new.
We are living in a period of transi-
tion, of change. Why not then in-
novate on administration now hoary
with age, that has been sheltered
during the long centuries in the self-
ishness of unwise conservatism. A
government that will not experiment
is dead and decaying. It was an ex-
periment when the state permitted
half dozen grounds of divorce to sup-
plant the one historic ground,
adultry. It was a vast improvement
over pre-existing law, but we have
not attained that perfection yet that
is easily within the compass of
achievement.
But it is argued that if we throw
down the bars of matrimony per-
mitting easy egress, that people will
marry only to be divorced, that
slight provocations and petty family
feuds, temporary storms of bad
temper, etc., would result in legal
separations. There would unques-
tionably be some few instances where
matters of trivial concern would oc-
casion divorces, but these would be
insolated testimonials. The great
majority of cases would be predicated
upon interminable quarrels, dissen-
tions, and broils of long duration,
and certain physical incompatabili-
ties.
Instead of making a decree in the
first place defintive. make it condi-
tional, as it is in France for a
specified period, say three years,
that if during this period the spouses
affect a reconcilation, they may be at
liberty to have the decree set aside
upon application to the court grant-
ing the same, but there after forever
bared from obtaining a divorce, ex-
cepting for certain extreme statutory
reasons.
The liberty of the press in this
connection should be curtailed, any
newspaper publishing the details of a
divorce case, should be subject to a
HOW POSTAGE STAMPS ARE MADE.
683
heavy fine, permitted only to note
the fact of divorcement as a matter
of public record. Newspaper pub-
licity of divorce proceedings only
adds to the embarrassment and an-
noyance of the parties, and serves no
good purpose. Married people
whatever the nature ol their troubles,
don't want to be published to a
criticizing and eager public. Such
notoriety engenders badresults.
It is only those who have been
more fortunate in their matrimonial
experience that advocate greater
stringency in divorce regulations;
those not thus lavored, and in whose
behalf the new code of divorce would
be promulgated, think and reason
differently and rightly so to.
Let our legislators reflect on these
momentous considerations for they
involve the dearest and most solemn
interests with which man is con-
cerned, and let the light of progress-
ive reason shine in the dark and
hampered statutes. Elijah Farr.
[The article above gives the views
01 the person whose name is attached,
and are somewhat contrary to the
doctrines of the Church. It will be
answered in the October issue of this
magazine. — Ed.]
HOW POSTAGE STAMPS ARE MADE.
Shortly after the stamp business
had been taken out of the hands of
private companies, and handed over
to the Bureau of Engraving and
Printing, the whole country was
complaining of the poor quality of
the work done. A lot of stamps had
been sent out which refused to stick,
having been improperly or insuffici-
ently gummed. Little did the peo-
ple know the difficulty Uncle Sam
was laboring under then in creating
a stamp plant from A to Z with in-
experienced workers. But soon the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
was able to invite the postmasters to
return the imperfect stamps and get
a new and better supply, for that
first mistake had only resulted in a
deeper study of the problem, and
not only were ways found to correct
the error, but new and improved
methods were discovered and ap-
plied.
To have a clear notion of the com-
plex processes employed for the pro-
duction of so simple an article of pub-
lic use as a postage stamp, it is
necessary first to examine the paper.
Unlike that used for money, there is
little distinctively characteristic about
the paper on which stamps are
printed. It is merely first-class
wood-fiber paper, with the Govern-
ment's water mark, "U. S. P. S.,"
repeated again and again on its face
to render difficult its counterfeiting.
The counterfeiting of stamps is a
rare crime, probably because the
game is hardly worth the candle.
The offering of postage stamps at re-
duced rates, or even at regular rates
in large numbers by individuals,
would be pretty sure to arouse suspi-
cion, which would end in trouble for
the counterfeiters. The theft of a
few hundred dollars' worth of stamps
printed at the Bureau of Engraving
and Printing soon after the Govern-
ment began to make stamps resulted
in the prompt capture and conviction
of the thieves, who are now serving
long sentences.
Even the precaution of the water
mark was not employed in the pro-
duction of stamp paper before the
Government took the matter in hand
last year. In any stamp produced
since April 28, 1895, You wi^ find,
if you hold them before a strong
light, some portion of the water-lined
letters, "U. S. P. S." This water
mark is made at intervals of an inch
or less all over the big sheets on
which the stamps are piinted. The
date of the introduction of the water
mark is already a matter of interest
to stamp collectors.
After the paper is started in the
actual process of stamp-making it
has countings galore. When it
finally is ready to issue in the form
684
HO W POSTAGE STAMPS ARE MADE.
of red and blue and brown and green
stamps, it has no less than fifty- two
separate and distinct countings.
When the Bureau of Engraving and
Printing makes a requistion on the
loan division of the Treasury Depart-
ment for stamp paper it must state
specifically what is to be printed on
the paper. If the bureau gets ten
thousand sheets of paper to print
two-cent stamps, it must account to
the Treasury Department for the
10,000 sheets of two-cent stamps,
less, of course, the number
actually spoiled in the differ-
ent processes, and these spoiled
sheets must also be in evidence, and
no eloquence that has yet been in-
vented can otherwise explain any
discrepancy. The moment paper
for stamps of a designated denome-
nation leaves the Treasury Depart-
ment it becomes worth on the books
of the department just the amount of
the stamps of the given denomena-
tion that can be printed on it. The
transfer of the paper from the Treas-
ury to the Bureau of Engraving and
Printing is made in iron-bound
chests, which are placed in a great
van lined with chilled steel and
guarded. At closing time at the
bureau no employee is allowed to
leave the building until the last
particle of paper, printed or un-
printed, and the last plate and die
are accounted for; nor is any em-
ployee permitted to depart before
closing time without a pass from the
chief of his or her room, approved
by the chief of the bureau.
Stamps are printed in sheets of
four hundred stamps, or "heads" as
they are called at the bureau; and as
each press carries four plates one
revolution of the press means one
thousand six hundred stamps. The
dies from which these stamp plates
are made are cut out of soft steel by
the Bureau of Engravers. They are
then hardened and an impression of
them is taken on a roll of soft steel,
which, so far as lines go, is just the
reverse of the die. The sunken lines
on the die become the raised lines on
the rolls, just as if you were to take
a piece of chewing gum and impress
a penny into it. Alter the reverse
impression has been made on the
roll it in turn is hardened and rolled
back and forth over a big plate of
fine soft steel until it cuts its impres-
sion clear and sharp as many times
as it is desired that the plate shall
contain stamp-dies. Then the big
plate is hardened and is ready for
the printing process. The impres-
sion on the stamps is made from de-
pressed lines filled with ink.
A plate containing four hundred
stamps is about two by two and one
half feet in size, and will last a great
while. If you have ever bought a
full sheet of stamps and wondered
what was meant by the mystical
numbers on the lower margin, you
will be interested to know that this
is the printers plate number By
this number the printer and his as-
sistants are charged with every sheet
of damp paper they handle, and the
number is credited with every sheet
of stamps, perfect or imperfect,
that they return. One total must
agree with the other. As the sheets
corne damp from the press they are
packed up in stacks, a sheet of tissue
paper between each two sheets of
stamps. After more counting and
passing of receipts, they are taken
to another division, where they are
placed in small batches in wire-bot-
tomed trays. The room is filled
from floor to ceiling with these trays,
and a series of electrically propelled
fans keep the air continually in mo-
tion. In about twelve hours the
sheets are dry of ink and moisture.
Then girls take them in large
bundles, and, laying one hand in the
middle of the sheets, turn with in-
credible rapidity sheet after sheet.
The impression made upon the visit-
or is that they are counting them,
and counting at a furious rate, too.
And so they are, keenly and crtical-
ly examining the sheets at the same
time for all sorts of imperfections.
HOW POSTAGE STAMPS ARE MADE.
685
When a sheet is found imperfect in
any way the rustling of the sheets
ceases long enough for the girl to
withdraw the sheet and mark it with
a hasty scrawl, which to the un-
initiated means nothing on earth,
but to the stamp people is a full
critique of the sheet's short comings.
Then the rustle proceeds as before.
Probably the most interesting of
all the details of stamp making is the
process of applying the gum. It
has been reduced to such perfection
that the bureau people may be par-
doned for the pride they have in it.
Right here, indeed, lies the great
secret of successful stamp manufac-
ture. The process of gumming was
always carefully guarded by the
former makers of the stamps — how
well it was guarded was told by the
Government's first output of stamps.
There is no longer any mystery
about the clean and adequate process
the Bureau of Engraving and Print-
ing was forced to invent.
The gumming division is a big
apartment in the basement of the
building. The greatest care is taken
to keep the temperature of this room
evenly at eighty degrees, summer
and winter. The temperatuie cor-
responds to the temperature of the
gum as it is applied to the stamps.
Even greater care is taken to keep
the average humidity at about fifty,
which is just mid-way between the
humidity of a damp, drizzly day and
a crisp, bright one. So much im-
portance is attached to this atmos-
pheric condition in the gumming of
stamps that six humidity tests
are made during the seven
hours which constitute the work-
ing day of the bureau — at nine,
ten and thirty minutes after eleven
in the forenoon, and at one, two and
three in the afternoon. A careful
record of these readings is kept, so
that it would be possible for the chief
of the division by referring to it
month and years afterward to tell
just what weather conditions he had
in gumming a particular output of
stamps. Apparatus is provided to
correct any tendency to undue dry-
ness brought about by the weather
conditions outside the building.
Every particle of the gum is
weighed, the allowance being made
of twenty-five pounds of gum for
every four hundred thousand stamps.
The gumming machines are marvels
of ingenuity. From a fountain which
receives gum after it has been tested
and weighed, a brown streem of gum
flows evenly in a rectangular reser-
voir, which rests against a fast-revolv-
ing roller accurately made of ground
glass; the slightly rough surface of
this roller takes up the gum and ap-
plies it to the backs of the stamp
sheets as they pass under it on an
endless carriage provided with grip-
ers and fingers that operate in the
most life-like way. As sheet after
sheet passes, face down, under this
gumming roller, it throws a parting
shimmer of its newely gummed sur-
face in a mirror placed just above the
entrance to a long chest, which re-
minds one of an incubator on a big
scale. This parting shimmer is not
altogether a poetical incident of the
process, nor is the mirror intended
exclusively for the gratification of the
young woman operator. With her
back to the light she catches the re-
flection of the shimmer in the mirror
as the sheet recedes from her, and
by this means can tell whether the
gum is being applied evenly.
So after throwing its farewell gleam
to the pretty girl gummer, the sheet
of stamps passes into the incubator-
like chest, which is kept full ol hot,
dry air. When it emerges it is
dumped on the tables of other girl
operators at the other end, after a
journey of fifty feet in a temperarure
of one hundred and thirty-lwo de-
grees. It is now quite dry and ready
to be smoothed of its slight crinkles
and packed for delivery to the per-
forators. The latter separate by ma-
chinery each original sheet into four
such sheets as are delivered to the
post-offices, cutting at the same time
686
CHOICE OF AN AIM IN LIFE.
the perforations which enable the in-
dividual stamps to be easily separated.
Finally hydraulic presses remove the
burring left by the perforating ma-
chines.
The bureau keeps on hand a store
of stamps equal to almost any emer-
gency. There are now in its vaults
more than two hundred and fifty mil-
lion, and tie manufactory is running
on full time. Last year there were
produced nearly two billion five
hundred million; yet with the con-
stantly-increasing demand no cessa-
tion in the creation of supply is pos-
sible. It is estimated that stamps
cost the Government something like
five cents a thousand. Receipts
from the sale of them last year were,
on an average, more than one mil-
lion a month. More than ninety per
cent of all those sold were of the two-
cent denomination. — Buffalo Ex-
press.
CHOICE OF AN AIM IN LIFE.
As in traveling through an un-
known country a mountain peak
may guide us to our destined home,
as without such a guide we must
often wander from the goal and fre-
quently retrace our steps, so in the
wilderness of life our steps may be
in one unbroken course toward an
end and all action be made with refer-
ence to that end; or we may live
aimlessly, with the acts of one day
bearing no relation to those of the
next. In the former case our pro-
gress is assured; in the latter, pro-
gress is comparatively impossible,
and often there is retrogression.
The importance of a clearly-de-
fined aim and the subordination of
our acts to that aim, in any course
of action, cannot be over-estimated.
Let it be mental action as a solution
of the problem ; if in our endeavor
to solve, we do not hold every act
of the mind upon the solution, but
allow ourselves now to think of a
party to be given, then of a friend
we expect to meet, at one time
of a mistake we made yester-
day, at another, of the difficulties
of our problem, it is clear that we
will get on poorly. Again, if one
desires to create a work of art, a
landscape painting for example,
should begin by painting a tree, and
then a stream, now a lake or a
mountain, here a meadow and there
another tree, his painting would be
an object of laughter; but if, as is
usually done, he thinks out a de-
sign and commences by roughly
expressing it, he may afterwards
work out the details, sure to subor-
dinate them to the working out of
the end he had in view. The re-
sult will have unity; for every touch
of the brush will be intimately re-
lated to the expression of one cen-
tral idea, and therefore it is beauti-
ful, a true work of art.
These examples should show us
the importance of having and keep-
ing an end in view of small groups
of actions; other examples might be
given to show the great importance
of relating these groups of actions
together by referring them all to an
end. If one desires to become a
great painter, he will never become
such by dabbling today in his chosen
art, tomorrow in music, the next in
landscape gardening, and so on.
His love must be constantly centered
upon his art as the chief end of his
life; and if his love is great there
will be little tendency to labor in
other lines. Thus it is that the
greatest artists get along so poorly.
For a great artist will always be one
who is portraying ideals beyond the
ones appreciated by those about
him; he will, therefore, lack their
aid, and his love of art will not al-
low him to provide even the neces-
saries of life. It has nearly always
CHOICE OF AN AIM IN LIFE.
687
been thus with the greatest lovers of
truth, art, and generally of such ends
as do not provide for the bodies'
well-being.
What is true in matters of art is
true in the so-called practical affairs
of life. To become a good farmer,
a stock-raiser a business man,
a gardener, a fruit- raiser, a
carpenter, or anything else, one
must keep his end in view,
and have such a desire to reach it,
that most of the actions of each
working day shall be made with ref-
erence to it. Only by selecting and
interesting ourselves in such an aim
can we be successful and contented
Yet how few ever realize this fact
sufficiently to cause them to make
the selection of an end. We know
that that the mason, whom we ad-
mire for his efficiency, or our neigh-
bor who raises such quantities of
excellent fruit, or the one successful
in any of life's pursuits, has earned
his social standing by concentrating
all his efforts within the limits of his
respective vocations. We cannot
help but admire such as these, and
yet how many there are who labor
no successive years in the same line
of work.
An end should be chosen which
we love sufficiently to labor towards
constantly. Right here is one of
our great defects; hundreds are drift-
ing in the different pursuits towards
ends not particularly desired and not
voluntarily chosen. The results are
seen in men who lack character, in
poor mechanics, poor farms, poor
houses, weedy gardens, miserable
homes, unhappy families, etc.
In greatly desiring an end we
labor diligently, systematically, and
happily, until we reach it. Every
act is made use of. None is wasted.
We feel that it is more important to
be economical with our acts than
with our possessions. In forming
the habit of systematically acting in
one direction, there is a tendency to
labor systematically in all other di-
rections, and thus there becomes the
greatest economy of acts and the
largest results.
Although the ends of which I
have been speaking are praiseworthy
and necessary, yet it will be ob-
served that they are not all inclus-
ive; all acts cannot be used in the
pursuit of any one, and manv acts
should not be so used. Although
we admire one successful in the ac-
quirement of knowledge, yet we
naturally dislike him if he neglects
his family, his friends, his person,
his health, etc. in the pursuit of
knowledge. We admire one who is
able to acquire money, but if he
makes this aim so ultimate that he
disregards the rights of others, we
learn to dislike him; and so we dis-
like anyone who is completely satis-
fied in the pursuit of any one of
these aims. We think a person
should be something besides suc-
cessful in the pursuit of any one ob-
ject.
Now there is one absolute end in
life towards which all action is di-
rected, and that end is self-realiza-
tion or perfect development. Man
is a being of infinite capability, and
it is impossible to learn to manifest
all his powers in this short probation.
Yet he may do much toward reach-
ing his goal of happiness, complete
development. We all labor towards
it unconsciously, but with varying
degrees of success. We desire to
make the most of ourselves while on
earth. In order to do this all our
acts, by which we develop ourselves,
must, a"> we have learned, be system-
atically directed toward an end. We
are not satisfied in reaching any one
of the practical ends we have dis-
cussed, although we know we should
have such an end, and there are
many acts which cannot be directed
toward them. Is there any one end
that is all inclusive, such an end that
there is no act which cannot be made
to aid us in reaching it? In order to
look for such an end we must ex-
amine and classify all aims possible to
us. After a thorough examination,
688
CHOICE OF AN AIM IN LIFE.
it will be seen that action may be
destined to our bodily wants, such as
food, clothing, comfortable tempera-
ture, rest, etc., to the understanding
of our universe, that is, to truth, to
the appreciation of beauty in art and
nature, to persons, and finally to
God. There is no act which we are
capable of that does not come under
one of these five heads; and com-
plete development and happiness re-
quires action in them all. We would
not be happy in the pursuit of any
one set, or in any less than the pur-
suit of all. Happiness does not come
to the one who devotes himself en-
tirely to the gratification of his bodily
wants, and yet it cannot come with-
out their gratification. One who de-
votes himself much to these is a glut-
ton, an idler, etc. These terms ex-
press a disgust for such one-sided-
ness. Neither can one devote him-
self entirely to the pursuit of knowl-
edge, or beauty, without unhappi-
ness; he must care for his family,
etc. One cannot live for his fellows
alone, he would be ascetic, ignorant,
prosy, etc. Terms all expressive of
reproach. The only end to which
we can entirely devote ourselves
without unhappiness and reproach
is the proper service of God. This
end is all inclusive. Every act of
life is related to it and may be di-
rected towards it, and what is more,
the proper service of God requires
activity of all kinds. We cannot
serve Him as we should, without we
administer to bodily wants. We
must feed, clothe and rest our bodies
in order to have health and strength
to serve Him. The acquirement of
knowledge is not incompatible with
this service, neither is a love of the
beautiful and the endeavor to make
all about us orderly ana beautiful in-
compatible with it. "One cannot be
saved in ignorance." "Cleanliness
is akin to Godliness." ''Order is
heaven's first law," are expressions
illustrative of this fact. We cannot
serve Him properly if we disregard
our duties to our families, our friends,
or our fellow men. One of the great-
est ways of serving him is to un-
selfishly serve our fellow men. The
service of God requires a proper re-
gard for all good aims; but these
aims must not be ultimate ends, but
means to the ultimate end we have
discovered, in order that there shall
be happiness. The pursuit of this
ultimate end except through these
means is impossible. If we desire to
make the most of ourselves, to de-
velope in the widest way, and thus
reach the most happiness, we can
now see what our aim must be, and
what are the means we must select in
order to reach it.
We can desire no greater end than
the service of God. There is none
whose pursuit enters a greater field
of action. Action is always self-re-
alizing, self-developing. In the ser-
vice of the Lord we realize ourselves
in the widest way possible.
The aim being known, the ques-
tion arises, "How shall we best
serve?' ' Each one must answer this
for himself. Besides His direct wor-
ship, we must give proper attention
to the duties in all of the above men-
tioned fields of action. Attention to
the different duties are sure to be va-
rious. Some will give prominence
to this kind of action, some to that;
no two for example will give the same
prominence to the acquirement of
knowledge, or to the service of man-
kind. One very important thing in
learning good from evil consists in
determining the relative importance
of various kinds of action.
Concluding we may say that the
greatest aim is to be a humble and
trusted servant of the Lord and his
representatives. In endeavoring to
reach this end we should love and
surrender ourselves to the service of
mankind, and especially that portion
dependent upon us. The greatest
Servant of God became subject to all
men that He might save them. He
manifested the greatest love in that
He died for them. We should then
have regard for beauty in all things,
GLEANINGS.
being neat, orderly, clean, etc.
When we see a beautiful object in
nature we should love it sufficiently
to examine it, for it displays the wis-
dom of our Maker. We should seek
for knowledge. All these duties can
be performed and still we may select
a pursuit in life and be successful in
it; and indeed we must select such
in order to supply our bodily wants
and aid others to supply theirs. Our
probations are very short. We have
but a short time to demonstrate what
we are and how well we can serve
the Unseen. It behooves us to select
one great end in order that no action
shall be aimless. Each life should
be one grand, beautiful unity in
which each act bears some relation
to a whole, and can be explained by
referring it to the whole.
W. H. Chamberlin.
GLEANINGS.
"He who can make a single per-
son feel that there is a better method
of life than that which he has been
pursuing, and arouse his desire to
enter upon it, has done more for the
society of the world at large than if
he had analysed and exposed its
faults and failings with the utmost
penetration and ability. Real influ-
ence is exerted far more in vitalizing
new ideas, or. rather, ideas that have
lain dormant in the minds of men,
than in any criticism." —
"Those persons who criticise
society not for the purpose of doing
it any good, but only in a captious
and fault-finding spirit, will not be
likely to be debarred by the fact that
their course is fruitless. But there
are many who are not of this stamp,
who realy and earnestly desire to see
certain evils removed, certain im-
provements made, and the whole
sociai fabric rise to a higher plane.
They would gladly, if they could
help on this good work, but it seems
too vast and too vague for them to
attempt. Let such persons never
lose sight of the truth that only by
influencing the individual can society
be influenced. Just as the gardener
who would improve his grounds must
patiently cherish each separate plant,
so the patriot who would improve
his nation and the philanthropist who
wouid elevate the race must devote
their en> rgies to the improvement
and the elevation of the individual
members of those communities."
"If we could trace out the need-
less suffering inflicted by men upon
each other, we should find a large
part of it to be quite unintentional,
involuntary, and even unknown to
those who caused it. No plea in ex-
cuse is more frequent than that there
has been no such purpose. Men
forget that 'Evil is wrought by want
of thought as well as by want of
heart,' that they meant no harm to
their neighbors or friends or the
public as well; but their responsibil-
ity did not end there. They should
have been very sure that their acts
were as free from harm as their in-
tentions."
"There is a greater difference both
in the stages of life and the seasons
of the year than in the conditions of
men; yet the healthy pass through
the seasons, from the clement to the
inclement, not only reluctantly but re-
joicingly, knowing that the worst
will soon finish, and the best begin
anew: and we are desirious of push-
ing forward into every stage of life,
excepting that alone which ought
reasonably to allure us most, as open-
ing to us the Via Sacra along which
we move in triumph to our eternal
country. We labor to get through
a crowd. Such is our impatience,
such our hatred of procrastination, in
everything but the amendment of
our practices and the adornment ot
our nature, one would imagine we
were dragging Time along by force,
and not he us."
690
EDITORIAL.
THE CONTRIBUTOR
PUBLISHED BY
The Contributor Company.
Salt Lake City, September, 1896.
THE ABILITY TO WRITE.
A subject of vast importance to
our young State is the support of its
periodicals, and the consequent rais-
ing of the literary standard of the
community. It would seem from
the experience of our home publica-
tions, that there is among our peo-
ple a very incomplete understanding
of the meaning of the phrase, "sup-
porting home publications." This
phrase not only means subsribing for
them, and contributing to them, and
advertising in them; it also means a
thorough preparation on the part of
the people for the literary duty of
writing for our magazines. These
magazines do not suffer from a lack
of material; manuscripts are received
in great number, and speaking of
our own publication, we are free to
state that it is one of the most pain-
ful duties of the editor to throw aside
a large percentage of the articles re-
ceived, because they are not avail-
able for our columns. It is not for
the most part because those who
write do not have the proper thing
to say, although that is one defect;
the principal difficulty is that they
do not know how to say it. In other
words, literary form is wanting even
where, in the majority of cases, the
subject and its conception are good.
While it is true that the literary form
without good substance beneath, is
worthless; as Douglass Jerrold re-
marked to the fop, who boasted that
his father knew seven different lan-
guages, "I know it. but he never
said anything worth listening to in
any of them;" but the substance
alone, dressed up in anything but
good literary style, is like a rough
diamond, likely to be cast aside be-
cause of its want of polish. There-
fore, we would have people of liter-
ary aspiration understand that form
and content are both absolutely es-
sential for success in this direction.
A few hints as to how an improve-
ment may be brought about, may
not be out of place-.
Mistakes in orthography are com-
mon of course, but, while serious,
they are not difficult of correction.
Gross grammatical errors are also
frequent, but in many instances the
mere substitution of one word for
another, may correct such an error;
yet these mistakes should be scrupu-
lously avoided. But the main diffi-
culty is the absence of that subtle,
almost hidden element known as
good literary style. This is some-
thing that cannot be reduced to defi-
nite rules, except in the case of those
who have mastered the higher study
of rhetoric. The writers upon whom
we shall depend most for our mat-
ter are not usually of this class;
therefore, this important, indeed, in-
dispensable element must be acquired
by almost unconscious methods.
Among these may be named the
following:
1 st. The careful reading of works
which are themselves good models
of language, and the avoidance of
excessive reading in works whose
literary form is questionable. With-
out naming any of the latter class we
will call attention to some who have
produced works correct in literary
form and the elements of style. We
here give preference to prose works,
because a refined genius enters into
all poetic production, without which
they are practically worthless, no
matter how excellent their form in
other respects. Joseph Addison,
William M. Thackeray, Nathaniel
Hawthorne, Francis Bacon, Thomas
B. Macauly, Charles Lamb, John
Ruskin, Edmund Burke, Dean Swift,
George Eliot, Matthew Arnold,
Thomas De Ouincy, Ralph Waldo
Emmerson, and James Russel Low-
ell are among the prominent prose
writers whose works may be read
EDITORIAL.
691
for the cultivation of a correct style.
Not that any one of these should be
blindly or implicitly imitated; rather,
their best works should be read with
the mind open and receptive to form
and thought, in order that both may
be digested and made a part of one's
own personality, to be drawn upon
when occasion requires. It would
be indeed an anomaly if, after a care-
ful reading of any considerable num-
ber of the works of these authors,
one should write in an inartistic
style.
2nd. Good practice in writing,
each production being submitted to
the criticisms of the writer himself,
and to others if necessary, is another
efficient means of developing literary
style. This writing should go hand
in hand with the reading above re-
ferred to, in order that the best
effects of both may be secured. In
this connection we call attention to
the article in the College Department
in this issue, relating to this subject.
3rd. There are certain faults
prevalent in the writing of young
people which should be carefully
avoided or overcome; the following
are some of the most prominent:
Fine writing, which is an attempt to
dress up very common place matter
in a flowery, fantastic style, which
always produces a feeling akin to
disgust in the mind of the reader.
Oratorical language applied to com-
mon every-day subjects. Provincial
expressions, partaking in some de-
gree of the nature of slang. Choosing
big words when small ones would do
the work better. Writing hastily
and spending no time afterward in
polishing and correcting. Using
expressions which do not Jit the
thought. Errors in grammar and
orthography have already been re-
ferred to.
Let the young men and the young
women devote some attention to
reading and writing. The home
without a small collection of books
is a desert without a compensating
oasis; yet, if there is such a home it
exists because the young people and
the old have not made reading and
its companion, writing, an integral
part of their daily lives. If the fam-
ily has books which are never used,
it is for the same reason. Both' these
reasons may be and should be over-
come by giving attention to the mat-
ters named above.
We would suggest that in this day
of imported magazines, when we are
called upon to enter into competition
with the intellect of other communi-
ties, we will stand a poor chance in
the race unless we devote our ener-
gies to the development of literary
ability, which shall bring our home
productions prominently before peo-
ple on their merits. The law of sup-
ply and demand is an important one,
and we cannot ignore it. If our
publications become worthy of pat-
ronage so that they do not suffer
seriously by comparison with others,
this patronage will not be wanting.
In conclusion, we urge upon young
people the necessity of patriotism in
this direction, for it is a patriotism
which will not only advance the pub-
lic good, but the personal efficiency
of every worker. Literary ability
demands cultivation; let not this de-
mand go unheeded.
THE MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT
LEAGUE.
The Mutual Improvement League,
which was organized in Salt Lake
City, early in the present year is
progressing satisfactorily.
The League is conducting a de-
partment of M. I. work hitherto
neglected, namely physical culture.
In the old Social Hall building on
State Street there has been estab-
lished a gymnasium, first class in
every respect, containing all the
necessary appratus designed for the
perfect development of the human
body.
In connection with the gymnasium
are a number of fine baths, bath tubs
and showers.
692
I HE SANDWICH ISLANDS COUNTRY AND MISSION.
The League also has an excellent
library and reading room which is
open to the public every day, except
Sunday.
During the coming general con-
ference the officers of the league will
be glad to welcome at the League
House all M. I. A. members and
workers and such are invited to make
themselves perfectly at home there.
At a recent meeting of the directors
of the League it was decided unan-
imously, in order to raise means for
carrying out the laudable objects of
the organization, to conduct another
lunch during October conference at
the same place as the one so suc-
cessfully conducted by the League
during the April conference. In
addition to the large room
used before large and commodi-
ous tents will be erected on
the corner of Main and South
Temple for the accommodation of
patrons. All friends of the young
people should patronize the "League
Lunches" during the coming con-
ference.
We learn by letter from Brother
Samuel E. McClellan, secretary of
Y. M. M. I. A. ot the Juarez Stake,
that a Stake confeaence of Y. M. M.
I. A. was held in Colonial Juarez,
Chihuahua, Mexicon on August 21,
The Conference was well attended,
every association in the Stake being
represented.
Excellent instructions were given
out and a good spirit prevailed.
THE SANDWICH ISLANDS COUNTRY AND MISSION
X.
Before Apostles Benson and
Snow returned home from the
Islands, it was evident to them that
Palawai, the gathering place of the
native Saints, was lost to them.
Gibson showed an immovable de-
termination to cling to the land
which he had gained by cajoling and
swindling the Saints; and with no
hope of co-operation from the gov-
ernment officials, the brethren felt it
would be time and labor lost to try
to recover it for the natives who had
contributed to buy it.
The necessity for a gathering
place which might stand as the nu-
cleus of the Church, upon the
Ialands, was never more strongly
felt than at this time. The baleful
influence of Gibsonanism was seen
everywhere, in the diminished num-
bers of the Saints of the various
branches, and in the indifferent
spirit which prevailed among those
who had not apostatized. In many
places it seemed harder to fan the
old spirit of the Gospel to renewed
life than to make original converts.
The people had had their confi-
dence betrayed by a man whom they
had received as the accredited repre-
sentative of the Church, and with
some it was hard to separate the
fraudulent minister from the Church
itself. The brethren were instructed
to keep a lookout in their travels
for another suitable gathering place,
and in their teachings they some-
times dwelt on the necessity of
gathering. But it soon became
evident that nothing could be
expected from the natives in the
way of pecuniary assistance to se-
cure the necessary land — they had
been bitten once and were not in-
clined to try another experiment.
Under these conditions it was de-
cided by the Presidency to have a
gathering place selected and secured
independently of the native Saints.
Accordingly, Elders George Nebe-
ker and F. A. Hammond were called
to the Islands in October, 1864, on
a special mission, to either buy or
lease a suitable tract of land, as in
their judgment was deemed best.
They left Salt Lake City, November
THE SANDWICH ISLANDS COUNTRY AND MISSION. 693
10, 1864, traveling by the overland
stage to San Francisco, where they
met Elders Joseph F. Smith, W.
W. Cluff and F. W. Young, on
their way home from the Islands.
(Brother Young and Benjamin Cluff
had arrived at the Islands the pre-
ceding June, and had assisted in the
reorganization of the Church there. )
They took passage by sailing vessel
to Honolulu, where they arrived
December 23, 1864. They at once
began their investigations, visiting
the various islands and critically ex-
amining several plantations that were
offered for sale, but were unable to
decide on any certain one without
further advice from the Presidency
of the Church. The prices of suit-
able locations were so high that they
did not feel like taking the responsi-
bility of making a purchase. It was
finally decided that Brother Nebeker
should return home and report to
President Young, and for Brother
Hammond to remain and make fur-
ther investigations.
He left the Islands January 18,
1865, and arrived in Salt Lake City
about a month later. In the mean-
time Brother Hammond was pecu-
liarly impressed to negotiate for the
purchase of a plantation known as
Laie, situated on the east side of the
Island ol Oahu, thirty-two miles from
Honolulu, the metropolis and capital
of the Kingdom. Laie was owned
by an American Ex-Consul named
Doharty. The Elders in their trav-
els around the Island had frequently
enjoyed his hospitality at Laie and
had had excellent opportunity for be-
coming acquainted with the facilities
it offered for a gathering place. When
Brother Hammond heard that Laie
was for sale and that the sale must
be effected at once, he was in a quan-
dary how to act. He retired to rest one
night with his mind full of the subject,
and as he believed, in answer to his
prayers, received a vivid and con-
vincing dream. President Young
and Heber C. Kimball came and
went with him over the plantation,
calling his attention to the many de-
sirable features it presented for the
gathering place of the native Saints,
and also saying in a very positive
manner that this was the chosen spot.
All doubts were set at rest and the
purchase was made for the sum of
sixteen thousand dollars. The first
payment of eight thousand dollars
was secured from a shipping com-
pany in Honolulu, by pledging the
credit of the Church lor its speedy
payment and a mortgage given for
the balance.
Before going further it may be in-
teresting to relate an incident that
offers strong support to the belief
that Laie was chosen by inspiration
from Heaven. As before stated the
brethren who were left upon the
Islands by Apostles Benson and Snow
were instructed to look about them
for a suitable "gathering place."
This they did with their minds full
of the importance of the subject and
with prayerful hearts. Elder W. W.
Cluff was laboring among the
branches on Oahu, and in his travels
found himself at Laie enjoying the
hospitality of Mr. Doharty. The
following is from his own narration:
"Between his house and the sea
beach was a piece of ground where
grew a very dense thicket of a large
shrub of a peculiar growth. Through
this were paths made by the people
and their domestic animals. * *
* One day when I was walking
along one of these paths, I saw Pres-
ident Young approach me. Said he,
'This is the place to gather the na-
tive Saints to.' He seemed to fully
comprehend the surroundings, and
in that easy, familiar way, so charac-
teristic of him, indicated the advan-
tages afforded for a settlement. No
matter what my bodily condition
might have been at that time, the ap-
parent meeting was in the open air
and in the broad light of day. It
was as real to me as any fact of my
life. I saw the facilities of the place
f
694 THE SANDWICH ISLANDS COUNTRY AND MISSION.
as he represented them, and ever
afterwards that appeared to me the
best place on the Islands for the
gathering of the Saints."
After having visited every portion
of the Islands the writer is impressed
with the superiority of Laie above
every other location upon the whole
group for the purposes for which it was
designed, and as far as my knowl-
edge goes it is the universal testimony
of all Elders who have visited the
Islands that no better choice could
have been made.
No extended description of Laie
will be attempted. In a general way,
it may be said that it has a sea coast
of something over two miles, bor-
dered by a comparatively level plain
of from one to about two miles in
width, on which are situated the pas-
tures and cane and rice fields. Then
come grassy hills and slopes, merg-
ing into deep canyons and sharp
wooded ridges extending back to the
backbone of the mountain chain
which marks the western boundary
of the plantation. Near the north-
ern boundary is a land "locked val-
ley or basin, well watered, in which
are the indispensible kalo patches
which supply the natives with food.
On a gentle elevation overlooking
both valley and plain is situated the
plantation house, or houses, for there
are several of them, for the accom-
modation of the missionaries and
their families. The total area is
something over six thousand acres,
of which probably one- sixth is suit-
able for cultivation.
Less than two weeks after the de-
parture of Brother Nebeker, Brother
Hammond sailed for the coast. Ar-
rived in San Francisco, he sent a long
telegram to President Young telling
what he had done. This report was
received shortly after the report of
Brother Nebeker, and under the cir-
cumstances was much of a surprise
to all concerned. He was instructed
to come to Salt Lake in order to
give a fuller account of his labors.
His actions received the approval of
the Presidency and he was sent back
to San Francisco with the money for
the first payment, which was fur-
nished by the Church.
A company of missionaries was
sent with their families to work on
the plantation and to labor among
the natives. They made their start
on the 20th of May, 1865, encamp-
ing the first night on the west bank
of the Jordan River, where they
were visited by President Young and
others, and set apart for their mis-
sion. Elder George Nebeker was
called to preside over the mission.
He was to hold and operate the
plantation in his own name; to invest
his own means in it, and to assume
all obligations individually. The
journey across the plains to San
Francisco occupied some time, and
from there the voyage was made to
Honolulu by sailing vessel.
The company arrived at Laie July
7th, 1865, where they found Elders
Alma L. Smith and Benjamin Cluff,
who had been left to begin the work
of plowing, planting, etc., by Brother
Hammond when he bought the place.
They had planted about forty acres
of corn and cotton and some rice,
besides enclosing a considerable field
with a stone fence or wall. As soon
as their families were permanently
settled some of the Elders were sent
out to labor among the natives, while
others remained to carry on the work
of the plantation and to build a frame
meeting house at Laie. A history
of the early days of the plantation
would be a history of discouraging
failure of crops for several consecu-
tive seasons, and as a consequence
Brother Nebeker found himself get-
ting deeper in debt. When he took
possession there were several hun-
dred head of cattle on the plantation,
besides sheep and goats. The sheep
and goats besides many of the cattle
were sold and applied on the indebt-
edness, besides money which he had
brought with him.
After failing with cotton and rice,
sugar cane was planted, at first as an
THE SANDWICH ISLANDS CObNTR\ AND MISSION.
695
experiment. The result was so grat-
ifying that all their efforts were di-
rected to making sugar. A small
mill was bought which was run by
mule power. The natives were be-
ginning to gather, and in 1869 Elder
Nebeker wrote that there were about
two hundred at Laie and more com-
ing. About sixty were employed in
the cane fields and about the mill.
As a result of the first clean-up there
were about one hundred tons of
sugar, besides much molasses.
The Deseret Neivs of August 4,
1869, states that Elder George Neb-
eker had arrived in Salt Lake City
from the Islands with samples of
sugar and molasses made by the mis-
sionaries there, which was equal to
that imported from the east, and that
he thought he could put it on the
market cheaper. In February, 1870,
Z. C. M. I. was advertising another
lot of sugar received from the Islands
and the News editorially urged the
people to buy it in preference to the
imported article, and thus encourage
Brother Nebeker and his associates
in their laudable enterprise. After
that time for several years regular
shipments of sugar and molasses were
made to Salt Lake City.
The successful cultivation of sugar
opened up an era of prosperity for
the plantation, but owing to the debts
which had greatly increased during
what may be termed the experimental
stage, it was still a constant struggle
for Brother Nebeker. In 1873 he
was released from his labors, and
turned over the plantation in a pros-
perous condition to his successor,
F. A. Mitchel.
Brother Mitchell exchanged prop-
erty in Utah for a part interest in
the plantation, and as Brother Nebe-
ker had done, looked after his per-
sonal interests while presiding over
the mission. Owing to some mis-
understanding, the exchange of prop-
erty between them was "declared
off," and Brother Nebeker became
again sole proprietor. Subsequent-
ly the Church took the plantation off
his hands, assuming all outstanding
debts. He received only such money
as he had personally invested; his
time and labor for several years be-
ing uncomplainingly devoted for the
"good of the cause."
The feeling of distrust with which
the natives at first regarded the plan
of gathering, after their experience
with Gibson, gradually wore away;
but it seems evident that they have
never fully appreciated what the
Church has done for them. Because
of the restrictions by the govern-
ment against their leaving their own
country, it was impossible for them
to gather as did converts in other
lands, to Zion; therefore Laie was
chosen for a temporary gathering
place, where they might be more
fully prepared when the way might
be opened for their gathering to
Zion.
The dealings of the missionaries
with the natives from the first have
been dictated by a spirit of considera-
tion for their welfare, that in their ex-
perience with other white men and
planters they never experience.
When other plantations hire them
to work, it is usuallv by a system
known as "shipping," or "caper-
ing." That is, they virtually buy
their time for a certain period, and
during that time they practically
own them. In many instances it
may be termed a sort of limited
slavery. Once in the toils it is hard
for the poor native to free himself;
for, taking advantage of his propen-
sity to run in. debt, the planter al-
lows him to contract debts by over-
drawing his pay, or for goods at the
plantation store, which must be
settled before he was at liberty to
quit.
Brother Nebeker established the
policy of hiring the natives from day
to day or from week to week as they
desired to work, it being understood
that they could have constant em-
ployment. And at the same time
he discouraged them from running
in debt. This plan, while it was
696 THE SANDWICH ISLANDS COUNTRY AND MISSION.
much better for the natives, often
left the plantation short-handed just
when help was most needed; for,
taking advantage of his freedom,
the inconsistent laborer would take a
notion to rest or to take a trip to
Honolulu, just when his services
were most in demand. While from
a business point of view this meth-
od of dealing with the natives is
open to criticism, yet, considering
that the missionaries were actuated
by a benevolent desire for the ad-
vancement of the people and to
teach them the principles of the
Gospel of truth, it was the best plan.
The natives respect and revere their
teachers in a manner that would be
impossible under different relations;
and not only this, it has been often
demonstrated to the rulers of the
kingdom, that the "Mormon" mis-
sionaries were real friends of their
dusky subjects. On different occa-
sions have expressions of approval
been publicly given by the king
himself; notably by King Kalakaua,
who, on three different occasions,
visited Laie, twice to take part in
the ceremonies of the dedication of
the "new meeting house," and once
when he first became king of the
Hawaiian Islands. He declared his
pleasure with what he saw in no un-
certain terms, and admonished the
native Saints to give heed to the
teachings of the Elders and thus
become better subjects of the
realm.
At the April conference, 1873,
just before the release of Brother
Nebeker, the statistical report of the
Islands showed a total membership
of three thousand seven hundred
and forty-six. The report in 1895,
gives a total of four thousand eight
hundred and ninety-nine members
residing in eighty-one branches. At
Laie there were three hundred and
sixty-four.
It is not so much the number of
natives who have gathered to Laie,
that gives importance to that land,
as in the fact that it is the headquar-
ters of the Church upon the Islands,
from whence the missionaries are
sent out each term to the various
districts, and where the Saints from
all the islands assemble twice a year,
in April and October, for general
conference. Laie is to them as Salt
Lake City has been for so many
years to the Saints in this land.
Marvin E. Pack.
"The habit of self-control is the
repeated authority of the reason over
the impulses, of the judgmeut over
the inclinations, of the sense of duty
over the desires. He who can gov-
ern himself intelligently has with-
in him the source of all real happi-
ness. The moral energy which he
puts forth day by day increases by
use, and becomes stronger and keen-
er by exercise."
"The necessity of serious work
that is laid upon most people often
hides what would otherwise be up-
permost. Perhaps they have no
time to do what they would like to
do, or even to be what they would
choose to be. The great 'must,'
that usually benificient factor of
human life, often draws a veil over
the preferences, the inclinations, the
wishes, the hopes, which, after all,
constitute the real self, but which are
relegated to but a small fraction of
life."
''Hope has always been the light
to man's feet on the rugged path of
existence. Whatever be the present
circumstances, it has always a word
of cheer by pointing to brighter and
better conditions in the future. It is
like an angel standin > on the narrow
bridge of the present, holding a pow-
erful light illuminating the future and
the past. It has always said, 'Learn
from the past, act in the living pres-
ent, trust to the future.' Hope in-
dulged in abstinently is a source of
power. Hope used inordinately is a
source of unreasonable intoxication
and loss of strength."
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